Evolution of Genes & Genomes Lecture Review

These flashcards cover key concepts related to the evolution of genes and genomes discussed in the BIO 4301 lecture, focusing on gene complexity, viral behavior, and genetic mechanisms.

What is the primary component of the human genome that codes for proteins?

About 2% of the human genome codes for proteins.

What are the different sources of DNA content in the human genome?

About 2% codes for protein, less than half are transposons.

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A process involving the transfer of genes between organisms in a manner other than traditional reproduction.

What are some mechanisms through which gene duplication can occur?

Unequal crossing over during meiosis, replication slippage, retrotransposition, and non-disjunction.

What is neofunctionalization?

The process wherein duplicated genes acquire new functions.

How many duplicated genes have been fixed in both humans and chimpanzees since their divergence?

Approximately 1400 duplicated genes.

What is suggested to contribute more to genetic differences between humans and chimpanzees than single nucleotide substitutions?

Gene duplication.

What is the significance of the RNASE1 gene in the douc langur?

It underwent duplication and adaptation.

What is viral evolution characterized by?

Mutation and selection, including cross-species jumps, drug resistance, and immune escape mutants.

Why are viruses not considered 'alive'?

They are not composed of cells, cannot metabolize, and cannot replicate on their own.

What occurs during the replicative growth of a bacteriophage?

Viral genome enters a host cell, is replicated, and new virions are assembled and released.

What causes viral genomic reassortment?

Occurs when two different strains of a virus infect the same cell, leading to a new strain.

How is HIV known to mutate and evolve?

Through cross-species jumps and adaptations to evade the immune system.

What does the 'selfish gene' concept imply regarding genes and viruses?

Genes and viruses can behave in ways that promote their own survival and propagation.