History Chapter 16

What event in 1955 sparked the long legal battle to desegregate the country

An african american refused to give up her seat to a white man on a bus

What strategy did core use in northern cities to shame restaurants into serving african american customers

sit-ins

What was the supreme court's ruling in the case of brown vs board of education

that the segregation of public schools is unconstitutional

Why did MLK Jr. advocate nonviolent passive resistance as a primary means of achieving civil rights

He believed it was moral and would also win the hearts of whites

What civil rights passive resistance protest proved effective and helped give the movement momentum

The montgomery bus boycott

How did president eisenhower respond to the arkansa governorś use of troops to prevent integration

He sent in the military to protect african american rights

What movement within the civil rights campaign drew record number of college students to the struggle for equal rights

sit-ins at businesses

Sncc drew many northern african americans to the south in order to

help register rural african americans to vote

Who were the freedom riders

Black and white americans that rode interstate buses to protest segregation

In letter from birmingham jail mlk proposed what principle

That unjust laws must be disobeyed

How did news of the attack on african american protests affect the movement nationwide

It drew more support for the movement's goals

What american ideal did mlk's "I have a dream" speech reinforce

That freedom is for everyone, regardless of their race, religion, or creed

Among the provisions of the 1964 civil rights act

The establishment of the equal employment opportunity commission

Why was the voting rights act of 1965 a pivotal moment in the civil rights movement

It protected black american voters giving a political voice in the south

Why did african american communities continue to suffer despite civil rights legislation

Racism was common in the US and it continued despite new laws

The fristation of impoverished african americans resulted in _______ in the late 1960s

Race riots

Once civil rights legislation was passed, Dr. King focused on ending

The economic hardships of african americans

What spurred the black power movement

Economic disparity could not be solved using passive resistant methods

Why were many young african americans drawn to the black power movement

Frustration at continued economic discrimination faced by their community

______ became the foremost figure of the black power movement of the 1960s

Malcolm X

A group of african americans who sought to end racial oppression and gail control over various social institutions

The black panthers

How did king's assassination affect the civil rights movement

The movement lost the unit and grounding he had given

What was the primary focus of the civil rights act of 1968

Creating fair housing standards

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing NON-violent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Fannie Lou Hamer

a SNCC organizer and former sharecropper who had been evicted from her farm after registering to vote & thrown in jail for urging other African Americans to register to vote; helped organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party & challenged the legality of the segregated Democratic Party at the Democratic Convention

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Robert Moses

One of SNCC's most influential leaders. Recruited black and white volunteers to help rural blacks register to vote

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality

Stokley Carmichael

In 1966, as chair of SNCC, he called to assert Black Power. Supporting the Black Panthers, he was against integration.

Huey P. Newton

Black Panther founder and leader, organized the party for self defense

Linda Brown

Black girl who was refused enrollment in the closest school to her house because of segregation.

Ella Baker

55 year old executive director of the SCLC; urged student leaders who had encouraged sit-ins to create their own organization (the SNCC - Student Nonviolent Cooperating Committee)

Southern Manifesto

The manifesto was a document written by legislators opposed to integration. Most of the signatures came from Southern Democrats, showing that they would stand in the way of integration, leading to another split/shift in the Democratic Party.

Peaceful protest strategies

sit-ins, boycotts, marches, voter registration drives, freedom rides, rallies, non-violent resistance.

Little Rock Nine

In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. The governor ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school. The next day as the National Guard troops surrounded the school, an angry white mob joined the troops to protest the integration plan and to intimidate the AA students trying to register. The mob violence pushed Eisenhower's patience to the breaking point. He immediately ordered the US Army to send troops to Little Rock to protect and escort them for the full school year.

What did Thurgood Marshall do

Lead the NAACP legal team

Why was Selma selected as a place of protest

this was perhaps the most racist region in the nation at the time and it was also the location where a noted civil rights advocate had been murdered.

One thing that Johnson had (advantage) that Kennedy did not have was what?

Robert Kennedy 1968 running for president and he was trying to help African Americans register to vote how?