AP Psych Final Review Guide

I combined every quiz and test answer that has been on canvas

Psychology is the study of behavior and _______________.

 

mental processes

Which of the following is the best definition of the term "applied research"?

 

research intended to solve practical problems

Which psychologists were associated with the humanistic psychology movement?

 

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

The self-reflective observation of one's own sensations and feelings is called

introspection

The theory that the structure of conscious experience could be understood by analyzing the basic elements of thoughts and sensations.

Structuralism

Psychologists who emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

Gestalt

Who was the first American psychologist, wrote the first American psychology textbook, and helped found the functionalist movement?

 

William James

Russian physiologist and learning theorist famous for the discovery of classical conditioning.

 

Ivan Pavlov

Cody is experiencing Anxiety. During treatment, her psychologist works to develop a therapeutic relationship with Cody so that Cody can explore her potential as a person.  What type of treatment protocol is the psychologist using?

Humanistic

American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; first woman president of the American Psychological Association

 

Mary Whiton Calkins

Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?

 

Sigmund Freud

**American behavioral psychologist who developed the fundamental principles and techniques of operant conditioning.**

 

B.F. Skinner

Which philosopher is most well known for theorizing that the mind at birth is tabula rasa or a blank slate?

john locke

the first psychological laboratory was established by

wilhelm wundt

wilhelm wundt’s laboratory work involved experimental studies of

reactions to sensory stimulation

the self-reflective observation of one’s own sensations and feelings is called

introspection

the early school of psychology know as functionalism was developed by

william james

functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the

adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions

who was a student of william james and the first female president of the American Psychological Association

mary calkins

which psychologist was the first woman to receive a Ph.D in psychology after Harvard declined to give Mary Calkins the Ph.D?

margaret washburn

who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior?”

John B. Watson

who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious is affecting behavior

sigmund freud

in explaining human behavior, psychoanalysts are likely to focus on ____ __whereas humanistic psychologists concentrate on _______

childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes, current environmental influences on potential

Humanistic psychologists focused on the importance of

healthy growth potential

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the __________.

 

adrenal glands

The master gland of the endocrine system is the _________.

 

pituitary gland

The secretions of the pituitary gland are most directly regulated by the 

hypothalamus

Stimulates the uterine contractions of childbirth and milk secretion during breastfeeding

Oxytocin

Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.

chromosomes

A single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms.

 

Monozygotic twins

They study the relative power and limits of heredity and environmental influences on behavior.

 

Behavior geneticists

The complete instructions for making a human organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that human’s chromosomes.

 

Human genome

Separate fertilized eggs that share a maternal prenatal environment… no more alike than siblings.

 

Dizygotic twins

When a neuron is recharged and capable of generating another impulse, a(n) _______ exists.

 

resting potential

A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the:

 

action potential.

The all-or-none principle refers to:

 

a neuron firing completely with the same intensity each time.

Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a neural impulse?

 

dendrite, cell body, axon, synapse

The main functions of axon terminals are:

 

to store neurotransmitters and release them into the synapse.

Neurotransmitters flow into a gap between neurons called a:

synapse

A chemical that is released from an axon terminal into a synapse is a:

neurotransmitter

The somatic nervous system is a component of the ________ nervous system.

 

peripheral

The central nervous system consists of:

 

the brain and the spinal cord.

The oldest part and central core of the brain is the:

 

brainstem.

Which part of the brain is most responsible for wakefulness and arousal?

 

reticular formation

The primary function of the amygdala is to control:

emotions

The genome is the complete

 

set of genetic material in an organism's chromosomes.

If a patient's hippocampus is damaged by a stroke, the patient may have difficulty:

 

remembering recent events.

The wrinkled outer surface of the brain covering the lower level structures is called the:

 

cerebral cortex.

Which of the following brain structures connects the right and left hemisphere?

 

corpus callosum

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most responsible for advanced critical thinking, such as judgment and planning tasks?

frontal

The secretions of the pituitary gland are most directly regulated by the

 

hypothalamus.

The eyes communicate most directly with which lobe of the cerebral cortex?

occipital

The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n)

 

myelin sheath.

Which part of the brain might be most active in a person planning an opening strategy in a chess game?

 

frontal lobe

Auditory stimulation is first processed in the ________ lobes.

temporal

Broca's area is responsible for:

 

muscle movements involved in speech.

Wernicke's area is responsible for:

 

understanding what someone else says.

The technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer images of structures within the brain is called:

 

MRI.

The nineteenth-century theory that bumps on the skull reveal a person's abilities and traits is called

 

phrenology.

Which of the following provides information regarding brain function by monitoring the brain at work through metabolism of glucose?

 

Positron emission tomography (PET)

An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements is called the

 

motor cortex.

Brightness is to light as ________ is to sound.

loudness

Sound wave vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in the

 

middle ear.

The coiled, fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses is called the

cochlea

Hair cells line the surface of the

 

basilar membrane.

Damage to the hammer, anvil, and stirrup is most likely to cause

 

conduction hearing loss.

Which of the following circumstances is most likely to contribute to conduction hearing loss?

 

misuse of Q-tips (cotton swabs) in cleaning your ears

What is the purpose of the eardrum?

 

To transmit sound from the air to the bones of the middle ear.

The pitch of a sound is determined by what?

 

the frequency of the sound wave

Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures that sound waves pass through on the way to the auditory nerve?

 

eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, cochlea

A cochlear implant would be most helpful for those who suffer

 

sensorineural hearing loss.

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another is the definition of:

 

social psychology

Myra is watching her friends at a party and tries to determine why they are behaving as they are.  Myra tends to underestimate the impact of the situation on her friends behavior and overestimate the impact of personal disposition.  Myra's conclusions are known as:

 

the fundamental attribution error

Ellen recently asked her mom for money to buy a new outfit.  In response to Ellen's request, her mom got very upset and started yelling about how spoiled Ellen is.  Ellen attributed her mom's reaction to her being "cheap".  Ellen's conclusion is an example of:

 

dispositional attribution

A belief or feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events is the definition of:

attitude

Albert's friend Sam just asked if Albert could help him move to a new apartment.  Sam said it shouldn't take more than an hour or two since he had so many other people coming to help.  When Albert went to Sam's apartment on the appointed day, Sam explained that hardly anyone else showed up.  He asked if Albert could stay and help for about eight hours.  Albert reluctantly agreed to the request.  Albert was a victim of:

 

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Zimbardo's prison study demonstrated the importance of:

 

role playing

When a person's attitudes are in conflict with their actions, they tend to change their attitudes.  This is called:

 

cognitive dissonance

Adjusting one's behavior to coincide with a group standard is:

conformity

Milgram's study where a majority of subjects delivered what they believed to be a hazardous shock to another person was a study on:

obedience

Many runners find they run better and faster if they run with someone else.  Somehow the presence of the other person improves their performance.  This is known as:

 

social facilitation

Andrew works at a local grocery store  Whenever Andrew is working with a co-worker, he tends to work much slower than when he is working by himself.  This phenomenon is known as:

 

social loafing

Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey **may** be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is **definitely** a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This episode provides an example of

 

group polarization.

Samantha is part of a jury deliberating a murder trial.  At the beginning of the discussions, Samantha thought the defendant was not guilty, but she wasn't sure.  After a two-hour discussion, she and the rest of the jury agreed to a not-guilty verdict.  Samantha's experience would be a good example of:

 

group polarization

University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates

 

social loafing.

Emphasizes emotional appeal, focuses on personal traits and generates positive feelings

 

peripheral route of persuasion

Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?

 

Social Psychology

Feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in particular ways to objects, people, and events are called

 

Attitudes

A store owner charges Black customers more than Hispanic customers for the very same merchandise. The owner is most clearly engaging in

discrimination

The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called

 

Cognitive Dissonance

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called

conformity

The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal is known as

social loafing

An overwhelming desire for harmony in a decision-making group increases the probability of

groupthink

The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social psychological research on

altruism

Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called

stereotypes

Culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations are called

social scripts

Our first impressions of people we meet are most likely to be determined by their

physical appearance

An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the

 

Social-responsibility Norm

GRIT attempts to reduce conflict through

conciliation

Two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another demonstrate

 

mirror-image perception