Wrong - Chem/Phys

Linear (2 domains)

2 bonds

0 lone pairs

180°

Trigonal Planar

3 bonds

0 lone pairs

120°

Bent (3 domains)

2 bonds

1 lone pair

less than 120°

Tetrahedral

4 bonds

0 lone pairs

109.5°

Trigonal Pyramidal

3 bonds

1 lone pair

less than 109.5°

Bent (4 domains)

2 bonds

2 lone pairs

less than 109.5°

Trigonal Bipyramidal

5 bonds

0 lone pairs

90°, 120°

Seesaw

4 bonds

1 lone pair

less than 90°, less than 120°

T-shaped (5 domains)

3 bonds

2 lone pairs

less than 90°

Linear (5 domains)

2 bonds

3 lone pairs

180°

Octahedral

6 bonds

0 lone pairs

90°

Square Pyramidal

5 bonds

1 lone pair

less than 90°

Square Planar

4 bonds

2 lone pairs

90°

T-shaped (6 Domains)

3 bonds

3 lone pairs

less than 90°

Linear (6 bonds)

2 bonds

4 lone pairs

180°

In galvanic cells, half reactions with more positive E …

are reduced.

In galvanic cells, half reactions with less positive E …

are oxidized.

In electrolytic cells, half reactions with more positive E …

are oxidized.

In electrolytic cells, half reactions with less positive E …

are reduced.

A galvanic cell uses redox reactions to…

convert chemical energy into electrical energy (spontaneous)

An electrolytic cell uses redox reactions to…

convert electric energy to chemical energy (non-spontaneous)

The cathode is the site of…

reduction

The anode is the site of..

oxidation

Formula for the wavelength of standing wave in a tube with one open end

wavelength=4L/n

L=length of tube

n=harmonic

Formula for the wavelength of standing wave in a tube with two open ends

wavelength=2L/n

L=length of tube

n=harmonic

Linear Position of X Equation

x=xo+vt+(1/2)at²

Pyranose

6 carbon ring sugar

Hemiacetal

Functional group originating from an aldehyde containing one OR and one OH group

Partial Pressures are equivalent to…

Mole Fractions

Coulombs Law

F = Magnitude of electrostatic force (N)

k = Coulombs constant ((N*m²)/C²)

q1/2: Magnitude of electric charge in coloumbs

r = distance between charges (m)

dB are measured on a … scale

log scale

An increase in 30 dB is actually an increase of 10³ in terms of sound intensity

Esterification Process

Carboxylic acid and alcohol undergo condensation reaction to form ester and water. Acid is used as a catalyst to make the carbonyl oxygen more electrophilic by providing protons

Order of reactivity of functional groups (most reactive to least)

Acyl/Acid Halides > Acid Anhydrides > Esters/Carboxylic Acids > Amides > Carboxylate ions

Aldehydes > Ketones for nucleophilic addition

d molecules refer to…

The prefix dex or a (+) clockwise rotation of light which must be determined experimentally

l molecules refer to..

The prefix levo or a (-) counterclockwise rotation of light which must be determined experimentally

A D-enantiomer can be determined if..

In a Fischer projection, the highest priority substituent is pointing to the right (wedge)

An L-enantiomer can be determined if…

In a Fischer projection, the highest priority substituent is pointing to the left (dash)

UV irradiation affects..

Electrons - causes them to jump to a higher energy level

Alpha decay

• Nuclease releases alpha particle (2 protons and 2 neutrons)

• Atomic mass decreases by 4 and atomic number decrease by 2

• Low penetration, deadly via injestion

• C^12 →Be^8

Beta decay

• Neutron converted to proton/vice versa. Release of electron (beta minus) or positron (beta positive)

• Mass number stays the same, atomic number decreases or increases by one to new element.

• Moderate penetration

Gamma decay

• Releases photons

• Very high penetration

Formula for radius of curvature for spherical lens

2f=r

• f = focal length (half the radius of curvature)

• r = radius of curvature

Borane (BH3) +THF is used to…

Reduce carboxylic acids over other carbonyls

NaBH4 is used to …

Selectively reduce ketones and aldehydes

Order of strength of IMF (low to high)

(also measurement of boiling points)

Alkanes → Aldehydes/ketones → Alcohols → Carboxylic Acids

Gas chromatography elutes according to?

Boiling point

eV to J

1 eV = 1.6×10^-19 J

Concerted means?

Occurring in one step.

Fusion

Heat energy to go from solid to liquid

Venturi Meter

Measures the flow rate of liquids/gases passing through a pipe.

Venturi Effect

Decreasing area causes an increase in speed and a decrease in static pressure.

Bernoulli’s Principle

Energy is conserved for a fluid with steady flow. Pressure energy + kinetic energy + potential energy = constant.

Power is the… (in a circuit)

amount of energy used/dissipated

P=IV

SN1 reaction

• 2 steps

• Formation of stable carbocation

• Better for bulkier stable electrophiles

• Better for weak nucleophiles

SN2 reaction

• One fast step

• Better for exposed electrophiles

• Better for strong nucleophiles

Characteristics of an ideal fluid

• Incompressibility

• Zero viscosity

Self-aldolization reaction

All monosaccharides are…

reducing sugars

Aldoses can reduce directly, ketoses tautemerize into aldoses.

Waves get faster in media that are…

less compressible and have more intermolecular reactions (fastest in solids, slowest in gasses)

Hill coefficient greater than 1?

Positive cooperativity: S Curve

Hill coefficient equal to 1

No cooperativity: Hyperbolic Curve

Hill coefficient 0-1

Negative cooperativity: Steep hyperbolic

Shorter or longer fatty acids have higher boiling point

Longer fatty acids have higher boiling points

Shorter fatty acids have lower boiling points

This is the predominant factor

IR spec for single bonds

4000-2500

IR spec for triple bonds

2500-2000

IR spec for double bonds

2000-1500

IR spec for OH bond

3300-3500

IR spec for NH bond

3300-3500

IR spec for CH bond

2800-3300

IR spec for C=O bond

1700-1750

IR spec for C=C bond

1600

IR spec for aromatic compound

1500-1600

E is…

trans

Z is…

cis

Acids/bases are added to in separation to…

precipitate out acids/bases as salts

Mechanical Advantage

Fo/Fi

Wo=Wi

Fodo=Fidi

Transverse Waves

Propagate perpendicular to surface

Longitudinal Waves

Propagate parallel to surface

Lactonization

Alcohol + carboxylic acid = cyclic ester

Lactamization

Amine + carboxylic acid = cyclic amide

Meso Compound

Compound that has stereocenters (chiral centres) but is not chiral due to being symmetrical

Chymotrypsin

Cleaves carboxyl end of aromatic amino acids

Rule for calculating -logs

PCC

Mild oxidizing agent

Electric fields always go…

Positive to negative (the effect on a positive charge)

For boiling to occur

Vapor pressure of liquid must be equal to ambient pressure.

Systems under vaccum

Have pressure less 1 atm

Ideal gases exist at

High temp - enough energy to break IMF

Low Pressure - Far away from each other such that no IMF forms and volume of particles negligible.

SOCl2 is …

a reagent to convert primary and secondary alcohols into alkyl chlorides via SN2

Mutarotation

Open chain carbohydrate closing in on itself to form beta or alpha anomer.

Adiabatic process

No heat transfer

Heterocylic

A ring with at least one non carbon

Energy of a photon

E=hf=hc/wavelength

Determine between sp1, 2 and 3 hybridization

sp1: Connected to 2 electron bonding domains

sp2: Connected to 3 electron bonding domains

sp3: Connected to 4 electron bonding domains

sp3d: Connected to 5 electron bonding domains

sp3d2: Connected to 6 electron bonding domains

Hybridization key notes

• Lone pairs count as electron bonding domains

• Resonance is in affect

• Carbocations have only 3 bonds, no lone pairs, sp2

Order of polarity of functional groups

Amides → Carboxylic acids → Alcohol → Amine → Ketone → Ester → Ether → Alkyl Halide → Alkane

Vapor pressure

Pressure exerted by gas on liquid it comes from in an enclosed system

Inversely correlated with boiling point

Lower boiling point will have higher vapor pressure

Coordinate covalent bond

Covalent bond in which one atom shares both electrons

Solubility constant

Ksp = [disassociated products]/[associated reactant]

Systolic blood pressure

Pressure in arteries when heart beats, numerator