Realism vs Liberalism

How does realism view human nature?

Realism views humans as self-interested, competitive, greedy, egotistical and power-seeking, with survival being a major motivation.

How does liberalism view human nature?

Liberalism views humans as optimistic, rational and capable of progress, cooperation and learning.

How does realism view power?

Power is the central concept and the driving force behind state behaviour and global politics.

Why do realist states seek power?

To ensure survival and security within an anarchic international system.

How does liberalism view power?

Power can be dangerous when concentrated in the state because it can restrict individual freedom.

Which actors do liberals recognise as sources of power?

States, international organisations, NGOs and individuals.

How does realism view international order?

Order and security are primarily the responsibility of individual states because realists do not believe a genuine global world order exists.

How does liberalism view international order?

Security and order can be supported by the international community and cooperation between states and institutions.

How does realism view conflict?

Conflict between states is inevitable because states compete for power and security.

How does liberalism view conflict?

Conflict is avoidable through cooperation, democracy, rights and justice.

What is Democratic Peace Theory?

The liberal theory that democratic states are less likely to fight one another because citizens who suffer from conflict are able to influence political decisions.

What is the key difference between realist and liberal approaches to security?

Realists emphasise self-help and state security, while liberals emphasise international cooperation and collective security.

How do realists view international organisations?

They are tools used by powerful states to pursue their own interests.

How do liberals view international organisations?

They are meaningful institutions that facilitate cooperation and help address global problems.

Why do realists believe cooperation through international organisations is fragile?

States will cooperate only when doing so benefits their own interests.

What areas do liberals argue international organisations influence?

Development, trade, economic stability, human rights, justice and conflict prevention or resolution.