NR 283 Final Exam Review (Neuro) Questions with 100% correct answers -Chamberlain

state of being aware of ones surrounding

consciousness

physiological or psychological state of being awoken

arousal

loss of awareness and mental capabilities, results from diffuse brain damage, although brain stem function continues, supporting respiratory, cardiovascular or autonomic function

vegetative state

body muscles contract and relax rapidly and repeatedly resulting in uncontrolled shaking

convulsion

strong tonic muscle contraction, results briefly in flexion, followed by extension of limbs and rigidity in the trunk

tonic

muscles alternately contract and relax, resulting in a series of forceful jerky movements that involve the entire body

clonic

difficulty swallowing large pieces of solid material or liquids

dysphasia

inability to comprehend or to express language

aphasia

condition of muscular weakness caused by nerve damage or disease; partial paralysis)

paresis

convulsions caused by spontaneous excessive discharge of neurons in the brain, common in children and older adults, stroke and vascular diseases, dementia, brain infection and seizures in childhood

risk factors of seizures

petit mal (stare blankly into space, sudden LOC) , tonic clonic (seizure ongoing, 1-3 mins), simple partial (patient is awake, does not involve whole brain) , uncontrollable jerking movement of arms and legs , complication : status epileptic (seizure is continuous), increased metabolism of glucose and O2 and car accidents

clinical manifestations and complications of seizures

progressive cortical atrophy, leads to dilated ventricles, and widening of sulci, risk factors : age, Alzheimers gene, high BP, diabetes and stroke

Alzheimers disease

extends over 10 to 20 years, behavioral changes, gradual loss of memory, impaired learning, poor judgement, inability to recognize family, lack of environmental awareness, complications : death, depression, infections, malnutrition and dehydration

Alzheimers disease clinical manifestations and complications

increased amount of fluid in the brain, leads to increased pressure, caused by infections, risk factors, Tumors, stroke, seizures and hydrocephalus

increased intracranial pressure

decreased LOC< headache, vomiting, hypertension, increased pulse pressure, bradycardia, papilledema, pupils are fixed and dilated, complications : can cause brain hemorrhage, seizure, stroke and neurological damage

clinical manifestations and complications of increased intracranial pressure

progressive atrophy of the brain occurs, degeneration of neurons in basal ganglia and frontal cortex, decreased level of Ach decreases, passed on via genetics

Huntington disease

involuntary jerking or writhing movements, muscle problems, slow or abnormal eye movements, impaired gait, posture and balance, difficulty with speech and swallowing , complications include pneumonia or other infections, injuries related to falls, and complications due to inability to swallow

clinical manifestation and complications of Huntington's disease

decreased level of dopamine, inherited autosomal dominant trait, genetics, advancing age and family history

Parkinsons disease

mask like face, mood swings, personality changes, intellectual impairment, tremor, shuffling gait,stooped posture, hips and knees are slightly flexed , complications : depression, constipation, and dysphagia

clinical manifestations and complications of Parkinsons disease

type of ischemic stroke that occurs when a blood clot, forms and block blood flow through artery in which it formed

thrombotic stroke

blood clot forms elsewhere in the body and breaks loose and travels to therein via the bloodstream, clot loges in artery and blocks blood flow

embolic stroke

blood vessel bursts and causes bleeding in the brain

hemorrhagic stroke

infarction of brain tissues, results from lack of blood, risk factors : diabetes, hypertension, SLE< elevated cholesterol levels, atherosclerosis, history of TIAs , increasing age, obstructive sleep apnea and heart disease

CVAs and their risk factors

sudden transient weakness, numbness or tingling in face, arms or legs, temporary loss of speech, failure to comprehend, sudden loss of vision, sudden severe headache, complications : partially paralysis of one side fo the body, recurrent CVA, immobility can occur, aspiration and constipation

Clinical manifestations and complications of CVA

cerebrovascular disorder, bulge or balling in blood vessel in the brain, can leak or rupture, causes bleeding into the brain, risk factors : older age, cigarette smoking, hypertension, drug abuse or heavy alcohol consumption

intracranial aneurysm and risk factors

sudden and extreme severe headache, nausea and vomiting, stiff neck, blurred or double vision, sensitivity to light, seizure, ptosis and confusion, complications : rebreeding, vasospasm, hydrocephalus, hyponatremia

intracranial aneurysm clinical manifestations and risk factors

infection of meninges in the CNS, common in college students, E.coli is the most common cause, pneumonia is a major cause

bacterial meningitis

severe headache, back pain, photophobia, nuchal rigidity (stiff neck) Kernig sign and positive Brudzinski sign, causes hydrocephalus if CSF flow is blocked by pus or adhesion and cranial nerve damage

clinical manifestations and complications of bacterial meningitis

infection of connective tissue in the brain and cord particularly the basal ganglia, age weakened immune system and geographical regions and season of the year

encephalitis and its risk factors

severe headache, sickness, leathery, vomiting , seizure and fever, complications include HSV 1 and West Nile fever

clinical manifestations and complications of Encephalitis

progressive demyelination of neurons in brain, spinal cord and cranial nerves, myelin sheath is impaired and autoimmune, risk factors : age, sex, family history, onset 20s to 40s

multiple sclerosis and risk factors

nystagmus, blurred vision, dysphasia, weakness may progress to paralysis, muscle spasticity, diplopia, dysarthria, spastic bladder, tinnitus, and constipation,Complication : paralysis typically in the legs, problems with bladder or bowel or sexual function, depression, epilepsy, mental changes

clinical manifestations and complications of MS

progressive, degenerative disease affects upper motor neurons in cerebral cortes and lower motor neurons in brain stem and spinal cord, risk factors : hereditary and genetics

ALS and risk factors

upper extremities, particularly in the hands, manifest weakness and muscle atrophy with lots of fine motor coordination, commencing with distal fibers, stumbling and falls are common, muscle cramps or twitching may occur, weakness and paralysis progresses throughout the body, complications : death, lung failure, being placed on ventilator

ALS clinical manifestations and complications

mass or growth of abnormal cells in your brain, can be benign or malignant, Risk factors: exposure to radiation, family history of brain tumors

brain cancer and its risk factors

new onset or change in pattern of headaches, headaches are more frequent and more severe, unexplained nausea/vomiting, blurred vision, difficulty with balance, speech difficulties, Complications : seizures and death

clinical manifestations and complications of brain cancer

results from a temporary localized reduction fo blood flow in the brain, may be caused by partial occlusion of an artery, caused by atherosclerosis, Risk factors : high fat diets, obesity, age, physical inactivity, poor nutrition

transient ischemic attacks

intermittent short episodes of impaired function such as muscle weakness in arms or legs, visual disturbances, numbness or paresthesia in face, transient aphasia, confusion may develop , complications : permanent brain damage, occurrence of CVA

clinical manifestations and complications of TIAs

caused by post infection, polyneuritis, acute infection, risk factor : possibly autoimmune, more common in 20-50 yr olds, associated with swine flu immunization

guillain- barre syndrome

symmetrical paralysis, minimal muscle atrophy, progressive muscle weakness and areflexia, vision and speech may be impaired as paralysis advances, issues with respiration, talking, swallowing, complications : breathing difficulties, blood clots, pressure sores, relapse

clinical manifestation and complications of Guillain-barre syndrome

autoimmune disorder, autoantibodies to ACh receptors form, risk factors: personal or family history of autoimmune diseases, men over 60 and women under 40 are at higher risk

M.gravis and its risk factors

ocular motor disturbance (ptosis, diplopia), oropharyngeal muscle weakness, difficulty chewing, swallowing or talking, severity of weakness fluctuates during the day, no sensory or reflex loss, muscle atrophy is rare, complications : respiratory distress, thymus gland tumors, myasthenia crisis, underachieve or overactive thyroid

clinical manifestations and complications of M.gravis

minimal brain trauma, reversible interference with brain function, excessive movement of brain, due to mild blow to the head or whiplash-type injury, amnesia or headache follow

concussion

bruising of brain tissue, rupture of small blood vessels, and edema

contusion

Direct injuries, laceration or compression of brain tissue, rupture or compression of cerebral blood vessels, damage because of rough or irregular inner surface of the skill, movement of lobes against each other

primary brain injuries

Result from additional effects of cerebral edema, hemorrhage, hematoma, cerebral vasospasm, infection, ischemia related to systemic factors due to cerebral edema

secondary injuries

all types of hematomas lead to local pressure of adjacent tissue, general increase in ICP

o Causes: in young adults, sport injury, automobile, or motorcycle accident, falls are common

o Clinical manifestations: focal signs and general signs of increased ICP, tonic clonic seizures, cranial nerve impairment, otorrhea or rhinorrhea, leaking of CSF from ear or nose, fever,

head injuries

caused by bite of rabid animal, transplantation of contaminated tissues, virus travels along peripheral nerves to CNS

Rabies

o Clinical Manifestations: headache, fever, nervous hyperirritability, sensitivity to touch, seizures, difficulty swallowing, fear of fluids

o Complications: respiratory failure, death, can go into seizures

rabies

buildup of fluids in the cavities deep within the brain, increases size of brain and puts pressure on the brain, risk factors: newborns, present at birth, or may occur shortly after birth

hydrocephalus

Clinical Manifestations: signs of increasing CSF depend on age of patient, pupil response light to sluggish, scalp veins appear dilated, infant may have a cat like scream, irritability increases, eyes show sunset sign - white sclera is visible above colored pupil, confused

Complications: increased intercranial pressure, developmental or physical disabilities

hydrocephalus

shingles, occurs in adults, seen years after the primary infection of varicella or chickenpox, which usually occurs in childhood

herpes zoster

o Clinical Manifestations: fluid filled blisters that break open and crust over, itching, pain, burning, numbness or tingling, sensitivity to touch, red rash follows along neural pathway

o Complications: postherpetic neuralgia, vision loss, neurological problems, skin infections

herpes zoster

group of neural tube defects, spine and spinal cord does not form properly, occurs in babies, pregnant women should take folic acid to prevent spina bifida, results in neurological impairment

spina bifida

- group of disorders marked by motor impairment

o Causes: genetic mutation, abnormal fetal formation of function brain areas, infection, hypoxia or brain damage in perinatal period

o Clinical Manifestations: Patient is very rigid or moves uncontrollably due to hypoxia, seizures, visual problems, visual or hearing deficits, communication and speech

cerebral palsy