psych

What is psychodynamic theory primarily concerned with in personality assessment?

It focuses on how unconscious processes shape personality and behavior.

What are the three components of personality according to psychodynamic theory?

Id, ego, and superego.

What is rationalization in the context of ego defense mechanisms?

Coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable occurrence to justify behavior.

What does self-actualization refer to in humanistic psychology?

The process of realizing one's full potential.

What is the primary focus of humanistic psychology?

Psychological growth, free will, and personal awareness.

How does social-cognitive theory define personality?

It emphasizes observational learning, self-efficacy, situational influences, and cognitive processes.

What is self-efficacy?

The belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations.

What are the Big Five personality traits?

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

What is intrinsic motivation?

Engaging in behavior for its own sake, without external rewards.

What are the four types of motivational conflict according to Lewin’s theory?

Approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance, and multiple approach-avoidance conflicts.

What does the Yerkes-Dodson Law state?

Optimal performance occurs at an intermediate level of arousal.

What are projective tests used for in psychology?

To explore the unconscious mind by analyzing responses to ambiguous stimuli.

What role do hormones like ghrelin and leptin play in motivation?

They regulate feelings of hunger and satiety.

What are primary emotions according to psychological research?

Universal emotions such as fear, anger, joy, sadness, disgust, and surprise.

What is cognitive appraisal in the context of emotions?

The evaluation of a situation that influences emotional response.

What are display rules?

Culturally accepted guidelines for the expression of emotions.

What does the facial-feedback hypothesis suggest?

Facial expressions can influence emotional experiences.

What is the primary goal of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

To satisfy basic needs to eventually achieve self-actualization.

What does the term 'self-serving bias' refer to?

The tendency to attribute success to personal factors and failures to external factors.

What is the difference between self-esteem and self-concept?

Self-esteem is how one values oneself, while self-concept is one's beliefs and characteristics.

What is the significance of projective personality tests?

To measure subconscious conflicts and impulses through open-ended responses.

How does sensation-seeking theory relate to motivation?

It describes the pursuit of varied, novel, and complex sensations to maintain optimal arousal.

What is the primary focus of the drive-reduction theory of motivation?

To reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.

What is the theory behind intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic motivation is driven by internal satisfaction, whereas extrinsic motivation involves external rewards.

What is 'overjustification effect'?

A phenomenon where external rewards reduce intrinsic motivation for an activity.