Nigeria

Coup d'état

A sudden, illegal overthrow of a government, often by the military.

Democratization

The transition from an authoritarian regime to a democratic system, involving competitive elections, civil liberties, and rule of law.

Dual mandate

A colonial-era policy requiring British administrators in Nigeria to both govern and prepare the colony for eventual self-rule.

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

A regional organization of West African countries, including Nigeria, aimed at economic integration, political cooperation, and peacekeeping efforts.

Federal Executive Council (FEC)

The executive body of Nigeria's federal government, composed of the president, vice president, and ministers.

Federal character

A principle in Nigeria’s constitution requiring government appointments and resource distribution to reflect the country’s ethnic and regional diversity.

Federalism (in Nigeria)

A system of government where power is shared between the central government and states.

devolution of self-governance by Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government.

Hausa & Fulani

Two ethnically and culturally linked groups primarily in northern Nigeria, historically dominant in politics.

Igbo

An ethnic group concentrated in southeastern Nigeria, known for commerce and a history of seeking greater regional autonomy.

Import substitution

An economic policy aiming to reduce dependence on foreign goods by encouraging domestic production.

Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC)

The body responsible for overseeing elections in Nigeria.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

An international organization providing financial assistance and advice to member countries facing economic instability.

Middle Belt

A region in Nigeria located between the predominantly Muslim North and the predominantly Christian South.

Military Rule

A period of governance where the military takes control of the country, usually through a coup.

Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC)

The state oil company of Nigeria, responsible for the exploration, extraction, and marketing of petroleum.

Parastatal

A government-owned corporation or agency that operates in sectors like transportation, energy, or natural resources.

Patron-Client Politics (Prebendalism)

A political system where resources and political positions are distributed in exchange for loyalty and support.

People’s Democratic Party (PDP)

A major political party in Nigeria, founded in 1998, which governed Nigeria from 1999 to 2015.

Supreme Military Council (SMC)

The highest governing body during Nigeria’s military regimes.

World Bank

An international financial institution providing loans and grants to reduce poverty and promote economic development. It aims to assist developing countries in implementing projects that improve infrastructure and education. Can be conditional.

Yoruba

One of the largest ethnic groups in Nigeria, primarily located in the southwestern region.

Kleptocracy

A form of government where leaders steal from the public treasury for personal enrichment.