MY hesi a&p (copy)

Which gland releases melatonin?

pineal gland

Which vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum?

sacral vertebrae

Which of the following muscles draw the limb away from the midline?

abductors

The right atrium receives blood from the __________.

vena cava

An irregular epiphysis at each end is present in which of the following?

a typical long bone

The shaft or diaphysis of a long bone is mainly composed of

compact bone

The ____________ artery is located in the upper arm, and is a continuation of the _____________ artery.

brachial; axillary

\
READ CAREFULLY!!

The ______________ carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart, while the _____________ carry oxygen-depleted blood back towards the heart.

arteries; veins

Which muscle is located towards the front of the lower leg?

tibialis anterior

Which of the following is the primary organ of the female reproductive system responsible for releasing mature eggs?

ovaries

Stratum basale and stratum spinosum are included in which layer of the epidermis?

stratum germinativum

Which of the following is **not** a function of cortisol?

Release growth hormones

\
its functions are:

* Inhibits the release of histamine
*  Raises blood sugar levels
*  Reduces inflammation

Reabsorption of water and electrolytes occur in various parts of the renal tubules. In which segment is sodium mostly reabsorbed?

Proximal Convoluted Tubules.

\
**60% of Na+ is reabsorbed in Proximal Convoluted Tubules** while 30% is reabsorbed in thick ascending Loop of Henle. The remaining 10% is reabsorbed in Distal Convoluted Tubules and Collecting Ducts.

The heart consists of four chambers, which include _____________.

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle

What type of animal tissue is composed of neurons and neuroglia?

nervous

Wrist bones are called which of the following?

carpals

Which of the following is a primary function of the male and/or female reproductive systems?

to produce gametes

What connects skin to superficial muscles?

hypodermis

The functions of the circulatory system include all of the following except:

to deliver carbon dioxide to body tissues. (it removes it!!)

\
functions are:

* to remove carbon dioxide from the body.
*  to distribute hormones throughout the body.
* to distribute oxygen and nutrients to body tissues.

The tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi is called _______

trachea

Which of the following hormones is primarily produced and secreted by the male reproductive system?

testosterone

Skeletal muscle work in pairs. The muscle that executes the given movement is called which of the following?

prime mover

The **muscle** that **produces the opposite movement** is the 

**antagonist**.

What type of cell division occurs in the gonads?

meiosis

**Hemopeiosis** is the

production of blood cells and platelets, which occurs in the bone marrow.

**Binary fission** is

a kind of asexual reproduction. It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes such as bacteria.

mitosis

is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell. This type of cell division is necessary for growth and repair.

If you were to cut the body through the median plane, what type of sectioning would occur?

sagittal section (right and left halves)

A **cross section** would occur if you cut the body through a 

transverse plane

A **frontal section** would occur if you cut the human body along a 

**coronal plane**

Which of the following acts as a store for fats and aids in bone function?

yellow bone marrow

Which exocrine gland produces sweat on the epidermal surface?

eccrine

The anterior lobe of pituitary gland is called which of the following?

Adenohypophysis

the **posterior lobe** of the pituitary gland is known as the 

neurohypophysis

Which of the following gets absorbed directly into the blood?

amino acids

The components found in blood that carry out blood clotting are:

thrombocytes (aka platelets)

If the femoral artery was cut, which of the following blood vessels would not receive blood as a result?

popliteal artery

Which system coordinates and regulates processes within the body through the use of hormones?

the endocrine system

the circulatory system is responsible for

the circulation of blood.

the muscular system is responsible for

the body’s movement

Listening to music stimulates which of the following organs?

cochlea

The **utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals** play roles in

 **balance and equilibrium**.

In which part of the body would you find aqueous humor?

Between the lens and cornea in the eye

Which of the following salivary glands primarily contributes to the production and secretion of saliva?

 **Submandibular glands** (produce 2/3 of saliva)

The Sublingual gland is the _ of the three major salivary glands and only produces about 3-5% of the saliva.

smallest

Which structure lies between the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

diaphragm

The diaphragm is _________ to the lungs.

inferior

Which glands release an oily secretion through the hair follicles that lubricates the skin and prevents drying?

sebaceous glands

The pharynx is a conduit for air and food. It is divided into three segments which contain lymphoid structures that play significant roles in protection and defense. Which segment of the pharynx contains the pharyngeal tonsils?

nasopharynx

**The oropharynx** contains the 

**palatine tonsils**.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of transport of filtrate from the nephrons to the renal pelvis?

Proximal Convoluted Tubule – Loop of Henle – Distal Convoluted Tubule – Collecting Duct – Minor Calyx – Major Calyx – Renal Pelvis

What form of tissue provides support and structure for the organs?

connective

Which of the following structures functions in directing sound waves into the ear?

auricle

**Sound waves are then transmitted** to the inner ear through the **vibration of the eardrum or**

tympanic membrane.

The **_______** serves as the **channel for the sound wave** and air.

 **External Auditory Canal** 

A tissue sample studied under a microscope exhibits the following characteristics: an extracellular matrix providing rigidity to the tissue, and the presence of lacunae. Which type of tissue is this?

bone

Which of the following terms describes the process of forming new red blood cells?

erythropoiesis

What is the outermost layer of the epidermis?

stratum corneum

Which structure in the epidermis is responsible for cooling the body to maintain temperature homeostasis?

eccrine glands

Which of the following makes up the largest component of whole blood?

plasma (55%! RBC make up 45%)

What is one of the functions of the hypothalamus?

regulating body temp

The hormone __________ assists estrogen in stimulating the formation of the endometrium.

progesterone

Which of the following features of veins results in the venous system operating at lower pressures than the arterial side?

 Veins have thinner, more compliant vessel walls than arteries.

Which of the following about the hyoid bone is correct?

It is the only bone that does not articulate with any other bone.

In what area of the body would you expect to find especially thick stratum corneum?

heel of the foot

Which of the following anatomical terms is correctly matched with its meaning?

cranial/skull

cervical refers to

neck

inguinal refers to

superior region of thigh

Which part of the eye allows us to see color?

retina

The pulse point located on the neck is palpated over which artery? 

carotid

What, in addition to adenosine triphosphate, must be present for a muscle to contract?

calcium

What is secreted by the adrenal glands?

cortisol and aldosterone

Which of the types of tissue is responsible for providing the matrix that supports and connects other tissues of the body?

connective tissue

A patient reveals to you that they were recently involved in a car accident that they believe resulted in a deviated septum. Which of the following bones may have been injured in the accident, resulting in the deviated septum?

vomer

Which of the following cell organelles is correctly paired with its function?

ribosome/protein synthesis

T-lymphocytes are developed by which of the following glands?

thymus

Which of the following could result from a damaged olfactory nerve?

reduced sense of smell

Which of the following describes cellular respiration?

 It is an oxidative catabolic activity

\
**Oxidation** is when an element loses one or more electrons to oxygen.

A **catabolic** reaction breaks down complex molecules into smaller molecules to *create energy* for the organism to use.

Which blood vessel returns blood from the lungs back to the heart?

pulmonary vein

Which of the following types of tissues functions in the covering, lining, and protection of surfaces and body cavities?

epithelial tissue

Which of the following is the name of the imaginary vertical plane that equally divides the body into left and right?

sagittal

Which of the following organelles is responsible for digesting damaged cellular structures, as well as macromolecules and bacteria ingested by the cell?

lysosomes

Which of the following describes the distal region of the humerus?

The epiphysis that articulates with the radius and ulna

Eccrine glands secrete a watery substance onto the surface of the skin to maintain temperature homeostasis through which process?

evaporation (body turns liquid to gas; evaporative cooling)

Mitosis occurs in which layer of the skin?

Stratum germinativum

Which organelle is responsible for storing DNA?

nucleus

White blood cells contain many _________ because they need to dispose of harmful intruders such as bacteria and viruses. Which of the following options correctly completes the statement above?

lysosomes

Which of the following organ systems is correctly paired with its function?

Endocrine/ regulation of homeostasis through hormone signaling

The **Digestive system** is responsible for

obtaining nutrients through the breakdown and absorption of food.

Which of the following causes bone matrix resorption in response to a decrease of calcium levels in the blood?

osteoclasts

\
When calcium-sensing membrane receptors in the parathyroid gland detect that there are low levels of calcium in the blood, it releases parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone increases the number and activity of **osteoclasts** (*osteo-* means “bone” and *clast* means “broken”), which are cells that break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood (this process is called bone resorption).

**Osteoprogenitor** cells (also called osteogenic cells)

are the stem cells of bone. They form osteoblasts.

**Osteoblasts** 

are the cells that secrete the matrix for bone formation.

**Osteocytes**

are matured bone cells, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted. They continue to maintain the bone tissue.

Cerumen is secreted by apocrine glands located in which of the following structures?

 The external auditory canal

The respiratory system is composed of organs that facilitate gas exchange between the blood and the external environment. Which of the following describes the group of organs that function during gas exchange?

organ system

elbow and knee are what type of joint?

hinge

 Planar joints are bones with articulating (moving against each other) surfaces that are flat or slightly curved faces.

The tarsal bones in your foot and the carpal bones in your wrist are examples of a planar joint.

Pivot joints consist of the rounded end of one bone fitting into a ring formed by the other bone. This allows for rotational movement.

An example of a pivot joint is the joint of the first and second vertebrae of the neck that allows the head to move side to side.

condyloid joints consist of an oval-shaped end of one bone fitting into a similarly oval-shaped hollow end of another bone. These joints allow biaxial movements—i.e., forward and backward, or from side to side, but not rotation.

between radius and carpal bones

Saddle joints are so named because the ends of each bone look like a saddle, with concave and convex portions that fit together. Saddle joints allow angular movements similar to condyloid joints but with a greater range of motion.

An example of a saddle joint is the thumb joint, which can move back and forth and up and down but more freely than the wrist or fingers.