aphg ch7

agglomeration

grouping together many firms from same industry in single area for collective/cooperative use of infrastructure & sharing labour resources

ancillary activities/multiplier effect

economic activities surrounding & supporting large-scale industries (eg. shipping, food service)

backwash effects

negative effects on 1 region resulting form economic growth within another

break-bulk point

location where large shipments of goods are broken into smaller containers for delivery to local markets

brick-and-mortar businesses

traditional businesses w/ actual stores for trade & retail, do not exist solely on internet (not ie. amazon)

bulk-gaining industries

where product weighs more after assembly than did in separate parts. tend ot have production facilities close to markets

bulk-reducing industries

final products weigh less than separate parts, processing facilities tend to be close to sources of raw materials

commodity dependence

peripheral economies rely too heavily on export of raw materials, put on unequal terms of exchange w/ more-developed countries exporting higher-value goods

conglomerate corporation

firm comprising of many smaller firms that server different functions

core

national/global regions where economic power (wealth, innovation, advanced technology) is concentrated

core-periphery model

spatial structure of development in under-developed countries defined by dependence on developed core region

cottage industry

production of goods & services based in homes > factories

deglomeration

dispersal of industry that formerly existed as established agglomeration

economic backwaters

regions that fail to gain from national economic development

ecotourism

form of tourism based on enjoyment of scenic areas/natural wonders, environmentally sustainable

export-processing zone

govs create favourable investment & trading conditions to attract export-orientated industries

fast world

areas of word (usually economic core) experiencing greater levels of connection bc of high-speed telecommunications & transportation technologies

footloose firms

cost of transporting raw materials & finished product not important for determining location of firm

fordism

henry ford, system of standardized mass production

globalization

idea that world is becoming increasingly interconnected on global scale; smaller scale political/economic life beocming obsolete

gross domestic product

total value of goods & services produced by country

gross national product

total value of goods & services (including income from abroad) produced by residents of a country

human development index

calculates development in terms of human welfare; life expectancy, education, income

least-cost theory

alfred weber, optimal location of manufacturing establishment in relation to cost of transport & labour & relative advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration

manufacturing region

region where manufacturing activities have clustered together (great lakes [michigan, illinois, indiana, ohio, new york, pennsylvania]) (central england, southeastern brazil, tokyo)

maquiladoras

cities where us firms have factories just outside us-mex border in areas designated by mex gov. factories cheaply assemble goods to export to us

microlending

small loans to poor people (typically women) to encourage development of community-oriented small businesses

net national product

measure of all goods & services produced by country in a year, includes production from investments abroad, subtractign loss/degradation of natural resource capital

offshore financial centers

areas specially designed to promote business transactions, centers for banking & finance

outsourcing

sending industrial processes out for external production

periphery

countries w/ low levels of economic activity, low per-capita incomes, & generally low standards of living. africa (-south africa), asia, parts of south america. [world economic periphery]

primary economic activites

natural resources made available for use/further processing (mining, agriculture, forestry, fishing)

purchasing-power parity

monetary measurement of development taking into account what money buys in diff countries

quaternary economic activities

research, information gathering, administration

quinary economic activities

advanced quaternary, high-level decision-making for large corporations/high-level scientific research

regionalization

specific regions acquire characteristics differentiating form others within same country. involves development of dominant economic activities in particular regions

rostow’s stages of development (economic growth)

least-most developed country progression, 5 stages

secondary economic activities

processing raw materials (manufacturing, construction, power generation)

semipheriphery

newly industrialized countries, relatively diverse economic opportunities but w/ extreme wealth disparity (china, brazil, india, chile, indonesia)

service-based economies

highly developed economies focusing on research & development, marketing, tourism, sales, telecommunications

slow world

developing world w/o high-speed telecommunications & transport tech

spatially fixed costs

input cost in manufacturing remaining constant wherever production is lcoated

spatially variable costs

input cost in manufacturing changing significantly from place to place in total amount & in relative share of total costs

specialty goods

not mass-produced, assembled individually/in small quantities

teritiary economic activities

provide market exchange of goods & bring tgther consumers & providers of services (retail, transportation, government, personal & professional services)

world cities

group of cities forming interconnected, internationally dominant system of global control of finance & commerce (nyc, la, london, paris, shanghai)

world-systems theory

immanuel wallerstein. explaisn emergency of core, periphery, & semiperiphery in terms of economic & political connections established at beginning of exploration & maintained through economic access