Taxonomy Bio 224
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26 Terms
mnemonic to tell difference between synapomorphy, symplesiomorphy, and automorphy
SYNc up with the new group; SYMple and old; AUTo pilot/ solo
symplesiomorphies are…
shared ancestral characters (Everyone has them)
autapomorphies are…
unique derived characters for a taxon
synapomorphies…
share derived character = shared between some species
what type of characters help us to resolve relationships/ are phylogenetically informative?
Synapomorphies - shared derived characters
why does synapomorphies not always work to provide us with common ancestors?
a trait can exist in 2 taxa by convergent evolution or character reversal to ancestor
what is homoplasy?
shared trait b/t 2 or more species NOT inherited by common ancestor
what is convergent evolution?
unrelated species independently evolve similar traits
traits shared by outgroup and ingroup are?
ancestral
character states in ingroups =
derived/ apomorphic
what does apomorphic mean?
specialized trait specific to a particular lineage
max parsimony means…
smallest number of change on tree
Neighbor-Joining (usually has same results as max parsimony)?
look at diff percentages of trait differences b/t taxa, and creates tree
monophyletic?
share common ancestor
root terms: sym/syn = ?
together/shared
root terms: aut- =
self or unique
root terms: plesio =
ancestral / primitive
root terms: apo=
new/derived
root terms: morph=
form
root terms: phyl/o
class
root in phylogenetic tree represents:
last common ancestor
tip of phylogenetic tree=
specific group of organisms
paraphyletic (Exclude descendants)?
ancestral species + some of its descendants
polyphyletic?
species grouped b/c of similar trait, exclude common ancestor
is this an example of paraphyletic or polyphyletic: your family tree, but purposely excluding one of your siblings.
paraphyletic
is this an example of paraphyletic or polyphyletic? you and your friends grouping yourselves together because you all have red hair, ignoring that you come from entirely different families
polyphyletic