Path - chapter 2 Exam 1: electrolytes

Sodium range

136-145 mEq/L

Hyponatremia value

Hypernatremia value

>145 mEq/L

Potassium value

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Hypokalemia value

Hyperkalemia value

>5.0 mEq/L

Calcium values

9.0-10.5 mEq/L

Hypocalcemia value

< 9.0 mEq/L

Hypercalcemia value

>10.5 mEq/L

Signs of symptoms of hypernatremia

Restlessness, confusion, lethargy, seizure, coma

When you think of sodium think

Brain

Hyponatremia signs and symptoms

Headache, irritability, difficulty concentrating, confusion, vomiting, seizures

When you think of potassium think

heart

Hyperkalemia signs and symptoms

Cardiac changes, peaked t waves, muscle cramps, paresthesia (tingling)

Hypokalemia signs and symptoms

Cardiac changes, presence of U waves,

U wave

Hypokalemia

T wave

Hyperkalemia

Hypercalcemia signs and symptoms

Dysrhythmias, depressed reflexes, loss of muscle tone, increased clotting, bone pain, fracture

Hypocalcemia signs and symptoms

- chvostek's sign, trousseau sign, bronchial spasms, tingling, weak heart contractions, stridor

Chvostek's sign

Sign of tetany, elicited by tapping facial nerve

Trousseau's sign

arm/carpal spasm associated with hypocalcemia