Ch. 1- The Study of Human Anatomy

inspection

looking at the body

palpitation

feeling a body structure with the hands

auscultation

listening to natural body sounds

percussion

listening to sounds after the body has been tapped by an examiner

dissection

cutting and separating tissues for examination

radiography (x-rays)

Produces images of the internal structures of the human body. Great at discovering fractures, but appear blurry.

Computed Tomography Scanning (CT-Scan)

the use of x-rays and computers to produce 3D images of body structures. Used to detect kidney stones and tumors

Xenon CT

CT brain scan enhanced with Xenon gas which allowed for tracing blood flow. Also identifies strokes.

Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)

specialized x-ray machine that produces 3D, moving images of internal structures. Such as examining the heart, blood vessels, & lungs.

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

an instrument used to examine blood vessels before and after a dye has been injected into the bloodstream. Used to detect blocked vessels.

Positron emission Tomography (PET)

the use of radioactive particles to produce images of internal organs. Can provide some indication of organ function and structure.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

the use of radio waves and magnets to produce 3D dimensional images of internal structures. Not used on pregnant women or those with a pacemaker (magnets)

Ultrasound

sounds waves are forced into the body where they are reflected by various organs and tissues. The reflected sound waves are used to produce images of structures.

sonogram

the images produced by an ultrasound. Often used to follow the development of a fetus during pregnancy.

mammogram

used to identify cysts and tumors within the breast

the chemical level

lowest level of structural organization; includes atoms (carbon, oxygen) & molecules (water, DNA)

the cellular level

includes cells, which are the smallest living units of matter. Several types of cells in the human body, each type having a different structure and function.

1. Cells contain special organelles (mini organs), which carry out many of the essential functions for the cell.

2. Cells are covered by cell membranes composed of lipids and proteins.

the tissue level (tissues)

groups of cells that work together to carry out similar functions; many different types of tissues

the organ level (organs)

structures that are composed of 2 or more tissues that work together to perform similar functions.

the system level (systems)

group of organs that work together to carry out similar functions. The human body consists of 11 major systems, and classified into 5 categories.

What are the 11 major systems in the human body?

1. Integumentary

2. Skeletal

3. Muscular

4. Nervous

5. Endocrine

6. Circulatory

7. Lymphatic

8. Respiratory

9. Digestive

10. Urinary

11. Reproductive

What 5 categories are the major human body systems categorized in?

1. protection, support, and movement

2. internal communication and integration

3. fluid transport

4. intake and output

5. reproduction

Systems of protection, support, & movement

integumentary, skeletal, muscular

Systems of internal communication & integration

nervous & endocrine

systems of fluid transport

circulatory & lymphatic

systems of intake and output

respiratory, digestive, urinary

systems of reproduction

male & female reproductive systems

the organismic level

the highest level of organization in the human body

Subdivisions of anatomy:

gross, surface, radiologic, systemic, regional, histology

integumentary system principal organs

skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands

skeletal system principal organs

bones, cartilages, ligaments

muscular system principal organs

skeletal muscles

lymphoid system principal organs

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils

respiratory system principal organs

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

urinary system principal organs

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

nervous system principal organs

brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia

endocrine system

pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid glands, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries

circulatory system principal organs

heart, blood vessels

digestive system principal organs

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

male reproductive system principal organs

testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourthra

anatomical position

subject stands upright, facing the observer with feet flat on the floor, arms placed at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Anterior

toward the front of the body

posterior

toward the back of the body

ventral

toward the anterior side

dorsal

toward the posterior side

superior

above

inferior

below

cephalic

toward the head or superior end

rostral

toward the forehead or nose

caudal

toward the tail or inferior end

medial

toward the midline of the body

lateral

away from the midline of the body

proximal

closer to the point of attachment or origin

distal

farther from the point of attachment or origin

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body (right or left)

contralateral

on opposite sides of the body (right and left)

superficial

closer to the body surface

deep

farther from the body surface

planes

imaginary flat surfaces that divide the body into sections

sagittal plane

vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left

midsagittal plane

divides the body or an organ into equal left and right

parasagittal plane

divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left

frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior

transverse (cross-sectional) plane

divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions

oblique plane

divides the body or an organ at an angle.

the human body is divided into what two major body regions?

axial and appendicular

the axial region

consists of structures in the head, neck, and trunk of the body

the appendicular region

consists of structures associated with the limbs

abdominal

the portion of the trunk below the diaphragm and above the pelvis

axillary

armpit area

brachial

proximal portion of the upper arm

buccal

cheek region

calcaneal

heel region

carpal

wrist

cephalic

head

cervical

neck region

costal

near the ribs

cranial

skull

cutaneous

skin

frontal

forehead

gluteal

buttock region

inguinal

groin region

lumbar

lower back

mammary

breast region

opthalmic

eyes

oral

mouth

otic

ears

palmar

palms of the hand

pectoral

chest region

plantar

sole of the foot

popliteal

back of the knee

sternal

midline of the thorax region

tarsal

instep of the foot

umbilical

navel region

vertebral

pertaining to the backbone

body cavities

confined spaces in the body that contain the internal organs. Support, separate, and protect the internal organs.

dorsal body cavity

located near the back surface of the body

What subdivisions are included in the dorsal body cavity?

cranial & vertebral (spinal) cavity

the cranial cavity

formed by the cranial bones. contains the brain

vertebral (spinal) cavity

formed by the vertebrae; houses the spinal cord