Studied by 10 people
Culture
The way of life of a society
Beliefs
Statements/convictions that people held to be true
Values
Standards shared by members of a culture and used to judge whether behavior is right or wrong
Norms
The behavior that societies expect of their members in particular situations
Social interaction
Any situation in which two or more people have social contact with each other
Customs
Norms in a particular society that are widely accepted and carry on over time
Laws
Rules that are given force by being formalized by governments
Status
A position that someone has in a society; status can be ascribed or achieved
A status is defined by:
Wealth
Possession of materials
Manners
Personal behaviour
Role
The patterns of behaviour expected of someone because of their status in society
Social institutions
Parts of society that have their own set of norms and values such as the family and school system
Social identity
Individualsâ perception of themselves based partly on ideas about how others see them
Stereotype
The attributes that people think (often wrongly) characterizes a group
Social control
Ways in which members of society are made to conform to norms and values
Rewards
A positive sanction so that someone is praised or is better off
Sanctions
Ways of rewarding or punishing acceptable or unacceptable behavior usually used in sense of punishment (negative sanctions)
Sub-culture
A group within a larger culture that has its own distinctive norms and values
Youth sub-culture
A sub-culture of adolescents or young adults that is usually distinguishable by their style, dress and musical preference
Value consensus
General agreement across a society on a set of values
Social conformity
Acting in accordance with norms and social expectations
Informal social control
Ways of controlling behavior imposed by people without a formal role to do so (such as peers)
Peer groups
People of the same status (for example they are the same age)
Ostracism
Excluding someone from the community or group
Formal social control
Social control imposed by a person or organization (such as a teacher or a police officer) who has the authority to implement rules or laws
Agencies of socialization
Institutions in which people are socialized
Primary socialization
The first and most important period of socialization in which the individual learns the basic norms of behavior
Hidden curriculum
Attitudes and behaviors informally taught that suggests learning to obey rules is equally important/ crucial as knowledge and skills and if not conformed to there are following consequences
Peer pressure
The influence that a peer group has to force or persuade its members to conform
Coercion
The use or threat of force of violence
Social order
The ways in which societies and their institutions remain stable over time
Anomie
Occurs when individuals lack the guidance of norms and values thus are unable to regulate their behavior so the bond between individual and society breaks down
Childhood
The period before adulthood in which individuals are not granted full adult rights
Adulthood
When an individual is accepted by their culture as a full member
Masculinity
The expected behavior associated with being male
Ethnic minority
An ethnic group that is relatively small in number compared with the majority in a society and is seen as different
Globalization
The complex process by which different cultures around the world are increasingly aware of, interact with and influence each other
Global culture
The idea that as a result of globalization there is or will be a single culture shared by people all around the world
Lifestyle
The way of life of an individual, group or culture
Cultural relativism
Considering all cultures on their own terms rather than from a western point of view
Multicultural society
A society in which many different cultures or sub-cultures exist alongside each other
Ethnicity / race
Ethnicity refers to cultural differences such as language and religion as well as place of origin; race refers to supposed biological differences between different groups of people
Social construction
The idea that social situations and events are constructed - made - by societies; they do not exist in nature as independent things
Age groups
Ways in which people of the same a similar age share a status and associated roles
Elderly
Belonging to the age group of those advanced in life
Child-centred
A society in which children are highly valued and a lot of time and effort are devoted to their well-being
Secondary socialization
Later socialization, that usually involves learning more specific norms for particular statuses and roles
Imitation
Young children learning by copying the behaviour of others
Role modeling
Acting as an example so that this behaviour is copied by others
Sex
Being male or female based on biological indicators such as XX and XY chromosomes
Manipulation
How parents and others encourage some behaviour and discourage other behaviour
Canalisation
Channeling children towards activities that are considered appropriate for them (for example because of their gender)
Social class
A form of social stratification in which people are grouped at different levels in the social heirarchy, most common of which are the upper, middle and lower classes
Inadequate socialization
When socialization is incomplete or ineffective
Feral children
âWildâ children who have been inadequately socialized
Nature
The influence of society and culture on human behaviour in the nature/nurture debate
Nurture
The influence of society and culture on human behaviour in the nature/nurture debate
Role conflict
When someone finds that the demands of two or more of their roles clash with each other
Adolescence
The period of growing up between childhood and adulthood
Femininity
The expected behaviour associated with being female
Assimilation and integration
Takes place when immigrant cultures or others over time gradually lose their separate identity and become part of the dominant culture
Criticisms against multiculturalism
Too many rights given to Minority groups
Minority communities may stay too separate from the host community, so there will be insufficient integration
Too idealistic for different cultures to coexist in equality, peace and harmony
Host cultures becomes one of the many cultures when itâs supposed to be providing a value system that society must conform to
It may lead to conflict between groups
Methods for assimilation
Citizenship tests - ensures people know about the countryâs history, culture and language
Community cohesion - integrating minority groups by involving them in community programmes
Acting against expressing some aspects of minority culture
Increasing nationalism
Asserting a single culture
Happens when a region wants to break away from a country and the people are ethnically, linguistically or religiously distinct from the national culture
Opposing immigration
Expelling minorities
Ethnic cleansing - persecution and violence (worst case scenario, genecides)
Cultural imperialism
More economically or politically dominant countries impose the world through their cultural influence. Involving exploiting and bringing local cultures to an end.
Hybrid culture
When two cultures meet and blend to create a new culture that has features of both
Note
Flashcard