idk

What is the primary purpose of cell division in organisms?

To increase the number of cells, allowing organisms to grow in size.

What are the two main stages of cell division?

Mitosis (division of the nucleus) and Cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm).

What phase do cells spend most of their time in during the cell cycle?

Interphase.

What occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

It is the first growth phase where the cell grows and may enter a dormant state (G0 phase).

What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?

DNA replication occurs.

Why is accurate DNA replication crucial during the S phase?

To prevent genetic abnormalities that can lead to cell death or disease.

What is the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

To regulate the progression of the cell cycle and ensure proper cell division.

What occurs during the G2 phase?

Rapid cell growth and protein synthesis in preparation for mitosis.

What happens to chromosomes during Prophase of mitosis?

Chromosomes condense, become visible, and each is double-stranded with chromatids held together by a centromere.

What is the arrangement of chromosomes during Metaphase?

Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell, with centromeres attached to spindle fibers.

What occurs during Anaphase of mitosis?

Spindle fibers contract, pulling chromatids apart to opposite poles of the cell.

What happens to chromosomes during Telophase?

Chromatids reach the poles, the nuclear membrane reforms, and chromosomes un-condense.

What is Cytokinesis?

The division of the cytoplasm to produce two new daughter cells.

What is cell differentiation?

The process by which cells become specialized for specific functions after mitosis.

What are the three types of stem cells?

Totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent stem cells.

What is a malignant tumor?

An uncontrolled division of cells that can spread to other parts of the body (metastasis).

What distinguishes a benign tumor from a malignant tumor?

Benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant tumors do.

What are carcinogens?

Environmental factors that can trigger malignant tumors.

Name two examples of carcinogens.

UV radiation and chemical carcinogens (e.g., tobacco tar).

What are some prevention strategies for cancer?

Education, legislation, avoiding carcinogens, maintaining a healthy weight, and vaccines.

What is the recommended screening for cervical cancer?

Pap smear every 2-5 years for sexually active women.

What is the recommended screening for breast cancer?

Mammograms for women aged 50 to 74 years.

What is the screening method for bowel cancer?

Faecal occult blood test for individuals aged 50-65 years.

What are the screening methods for prostate cancer?

Digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test, or biopsy.