Anatomy College Test

What is the level of organization and be able to define each?

1. Chemicals - organelles - cell - tissues - organs - organ system - organism

Absorption

the ability for materials to pass through a membrane (skin or cell)

Movement

1. when a material changes position (EX: absorption)

Excretion

1. expelling waist/ getting rid of it

Responsiveness

reaction to a change that comes from inside or outside the body

Metabolism

chemical reactions that occur in the cell

Homeostasis

tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment. (typically negative feedback)

Isotopes

have same number of protons but vary in neutrons

Electrolytes

release ions in water and conduct an electrical current

Apoptosi

program cell death  (cell kills itself)

Anatomical position

the body in a standard position

Filtration

a material is dissolved in water and filtered through a membrane

What is positive feedback

reinforce the stimulus (Ex: raises your fever even more)

negative feedback

opposite of the stimulus like a reset button (EX: when you get a fever your body bring it back down)

Digestive system

for absorption of nutrients

Skeletal system

movement and blood cells are produced

Nervous system

coordination of the body and all of its organ systems

Respiratory system

intake and outtake of air

Reproductive system

 produce egg and sperm

Integumentary system

skin protects underlying tissues, maintains body temperature

Endocrine system

hormones,controls metabolism

Cardiovascular system

moves blood throughout the body

Covalent bonds

shares electrons

Ionic bonds

transfer of electrons, opposites attract

Parietal layer

covers the cavity

Visceral layer

visceral covers organ

What is an exchange reaction?

When they exchange atoms AB + CO to AC + BO

Know the pHs of acids and bases.

Acid less than 7, Base above 7

What are the characteristics of carbohydrates?

sugar, contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Provide energy.

Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fats

Unsaturated-fewer hydrogen atoms, double bonds between the carbons

Saturated- more hydrogen, single bonds

What are the characteristics of proteins

Proteins can be enzymes, has C H O and N, can also have Sulfur, structurally complex

What is the function of DNA

Stores genetic material

What are the 3 major parts of a composite cell?

1. Cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm

What are the functions of the cell membrane

Controls what enters and leave the cell, provide a barrier for water soluble substances, maintains the integrity of the cell (flexable and can change shapes)

What is the function of lysosomes

 site of intracellular digestion

How are simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion alike

Moves from higher to lower concentration without ATP

What happens to a blood cell in isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions?

1. Isotonic - remains the same size

2. Hypertonic - shrinks

3. Hypotonic - swell

Differentiate between active and passive transport

1. Active - atp, low to high, usually requires carrier molecule

2. Passive - no atp, high to low, no carrie

Differentiate between phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

1. Phagocytosis - takes in solid particles through the cell membrane

2. Pinocytosis - takes in liquid particles through the cell membrane

Know the stages of cell cycle.

1. G - S- G2 - interphase and where chromosomes are copied

2. M - nuclear division

3. C - 2 new cells 

4. Differentiation

What are stem cells?

They can self renew/keep dividing

2 genes that cause cancer.

Oncogenes and tumor suppressor

List organs found in body cavities.Cranial, Vertebral cavity , Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic

1. Cranial - brain

2. Vertebral cavity - spinal cord

3. Thoracic - lungs and heart

4. Abdominal - digestive organs kidneys

5. Pelvic - bladder and reproductive

Use the following terms in sentences- superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, ipsilateral, contralateral, proximal, distal, superficial, deep.

Superior-towards head

Inferior-towards feet

Anterior-towards front

Posterior-towards back 

Medial-towards midline

Lateral-further from midline 

Ipsilateral- Between medial and lateral

Contralateral- Opposite side

Proximal- toward trunk of body or the attached end of a limb

Distal- away from the trunk of the body or the attached end of a limb

Superficial- near surface of the body

Deep-farther from the surface of body 

What does water do to ionically bonded atoms?

It dissociates them, breaks them apart

What is the function of rough er

1. sugars attached to proteins that rebound in vesicles for transport to the golgi

What is the function of smooth er

site of lipid and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism and drug detoxification

What is the function of chromosomes

to carry genes

What is the function of flagella

 propels the cell

What is the function of goigi

 packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell

what is the function of cilia

propels substance across cell surface

Nucleus

structural support for the chromatin