Exam Block 1

Characteristics of a living organism?

• Metabolism - use energy

• Reproduction/cell division

• Respond to stimulii

• Ability to evolve

• Maintain homeostasis/maintain order

Use of rRNA in genetic evolution?

It is present in all three groups (Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria), it is mapped out and you can see diversity, and the functions are same in all domains.

Characteristics of life/non-life in viruses?

• No metabolism, no ATP but uses heat

• No structure - no cell membrane, cytoplasm, or ribosomes

• No reproduction - increase numbers through host

• They can evolve

Properties of some cells?

Differentiation, communication, motility, horizontal gene transfer

Surface area and volume relationships?

Cell morphology and structures/compartmentalization can help increase surface area:volume relationship

What is the origin of Earth and oxygen and how does that affect evolution?

Oxygen is absent, transition to an oxygenated atmosphere, and then oxygen is present.

Bacteria and Archaea and Phototrophic bacteria, Cyanobacteria and Eukarya, and Animals, Vascular plants, Mammals, and Humans

Microorganisms and their contribution to global biomass?

• Plants contribute primarily carbon to the global biomass

• Microorganisms contribute nitrogen and phosphorus

Archaea cell membrane structure?

Ether-linkages, isoprene chains, mono- or bilayer.

Bacteria and Eukarya cell membrane structure?

Ester-linkages, fatty acid chains, bilayer.

Passive transport function?

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion.

Simple transport function?

Single transmembrane protein.

Group translocation function?

Series of protein. Can only bring things in.

ABC transport function?

Substrate-binding protein, transmembrane transporter, and ATP hydrolyzing protein. Can bring things in and out.

Facilitated diffusion requires

a. enzymes

b. carrier proteins

c. lipid carriers

d. carbohydrate carriers

e. lipid or carbohydrate carriers

b. carrier proteins

Facilitated diffusion occurs

a. into the cell only

b. out of the cell only

c. in either direction depending on the temperature

d. in either direction depending on the concentration gradient of the molecule

e. in either direction depending on the size of the molecule

d. in either direction depending on the concentration gradient of the molecule

Facilitated diffusion is used to transport

a. sugars and amino acids

b. H2O and O2

c. CO2 and O2

d. CO2 and H2O

e. sugars and H2O

a. sugars and amino acids

e. sugars and H2O

Unlike simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion requires energy expenditure by the cell

a. true

b. false

b. false

What is ion coupling?

Protein motive force in process of moving through, energy is created through doing work.

What is group translocation?

Phosphorus is changed/transferred

What is ABC transportation?

Peripheral protein binds and connects to membrane to use ATP hydrolysis to get energy.

The phosphate added to glucose in group translocation originally comes from

a. phosphoenol pyruvate

b. pyruvate

c. enzyme I

d. glucose phosphate

a. phosphoenol pyruvate

In group translocation the glucose is carried across the cell membrane by

a. enzyme I

b. HPr

c. enzyme IIB

d. enzyme IIIC

e. enzyme IIC

e. enzyme IIC

Enzyme I transfers phosphate to

a. enzyme IIC

b. enzyme IIIB

c. enzyme IIA

d. HPr

e. phosphoenol pyruvate

d. HPr

In group translocation glucose becomes phosphorylated as it enters a cell

a. true

b. false

a. true

Differences between Gram positive, gram negative, acid fast, mycoplasmas?

Gram positive: thick peptidoglycan, teichoric acid, purple-colored stain

Gram negative: thin peptidoglycan, LPS, pores, pink stain

Acid fast: thin peptidoglycan, mycolic acid (wax), pores

Mycoplasmas: no cell wall, absent features

Difference between bacteria and archaea cell wall?

Bacteria: peptidoglycan (MGMG) and 1-4 linkage, uses more D-isomers

Archaea: pseudo-peptidoglycan and pseudomurien (TGTG) and 1-3 linkage, uses more L-isomers, S layer

What does teichoic acid do?

It helps adhering to surfaces from partial positive and hydrogen bonding in gram positive cell wall.

What does LPS do?

Binding to surfaces to increase surface area and partial charges in Gram negative bacteria. Benefits pathogenic bacteria due to changing so host cells do not remove/kill them.

What do porins do?

Channels to diffuse in and out of cell in Gram negative bacteria

What do mycolic acids do?

Mycolic acids are waxes in acid fast bacteria.

Functions of capsules and slime layers?

Assist in attachment to surfaces (sugary and sticky), role in development and maintenance of biofilms, contribute to infectivity, prevent dehydration.

Functions of fimbriae and pili?

Help with attachment by increasing extent and surface area.

Pilus helps with genetic exchange by conjugation.

Function of gas vesicles?

Buoyancy which helps with photosynthesis by getting more light at surface and at night less predation at lower levels in water.

What are magnetosomes?

Allow bacteria to orient within magnetic field and allow cells to undergo magnetotaxis.

What evidence points to mitochondria and chloroplasts descending from respiratory and phototrophic bacterial cells?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts contains circular DNA genomes and ribosomes like Bacteria and they have a double membrane and some can divide and make more cells themselves.