Test 2 on Gov

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58 Terms

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Agenda-setting Effect

The media's power to influence what issues people think are important by choosing what to cover.

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Buckley v. Valeo

Supreme Court case ruling that campaign spending is protected speech but contributions can be limited.

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Campaign Finance Rules

Laws governing how political campaigns can raise and spend money.

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Challenger

A candidate running against a current officeholder.

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Closed Primary

Primary election where only registered party members can vote.

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Conservative

Political viewpoint generally favoring limited government, traditional values, and free markets.

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Critique of Pluralist Theory

Criticism that some groups have more power than others, making the system unequal.

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Electoral College

System where state electors, not the national popular vote, choose the president.

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Electioneering

Campaign activities by interest groups to help elect or defeat candidates.

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Free Media

News coverage candidates get without paying for it.

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Free-rider Problem

When people benefit from group efforts without contributing to them.

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Framing Effect

How the way media presents an issue shapes how people think about it.

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Gerrymandering

Drawing district boundaries to give one party an unfair advantage.

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GOTV (Get Out The Vote)

Organized efforts to increase voter turnout among supporters.

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Grassroots Mobilization

Organizing regular citizens to influence government through collective action.

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Groups Tending Democratic

Demographics that typically support the Democratic Party.

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Groups Tending Republican

Demographics that typically support the Republican Party.

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Ideology

A set of connected political beliefs and values that shape how someone thinks society should work.

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Incumbency Advantage

Benefits sitting officeholders have in elections over challengers.

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Inside Lobbying

Direct contact with government officials to influence policy.

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Interest Group

Organization that tries to influence government policy without running candidates.

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Learning Effect

How people gain political knowledge from consuming news media.

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Liberal

Political viewpoint generally favoring government action to achieve equality and social progress.

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Litigation

Using lawsuits and court action to achieve political goals.

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Main Factors of Turnout

Key elements affecting voter turnout including education, age, income, election type, and ease of registration.

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Media Bias

The tendency of news organizations to present information in ways that favor certain political views.

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Mobilization

Efforts to get supporters actively involved in political activities.

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Momentum (in elections)

The boost a candidate gets from early victories or positive press coverage.

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News Content Determinants

Factors that shape news content, such as ownership and audience preferences.

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Objective Journalism

Reporting that attempts to present facts without taking sides or showing personal opinions.

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Open Primary

Primary election where voters can participate regardless of party registration.

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Open Seat

An election where no incumbent is running.

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Paid Media

Political advertising that campaigns pay for.

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Party Identification

A person's psychological attachment to a political party.

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Party Organizational Structure

The hierarchy of political parties from national committees down to local precincts.

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Party Realignment

A major, lasting shift in which groups support which political parties.

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Personal Characteristics Affecting Participation

Individual traits like age, education, wealth, and civic engagement that influence political activity.

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Political Party

An organization that seeks to win elections and control government to implement its policies.

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Political Socialization

How people develop their political beliefs and values through influences.

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Popular Vote

The total number of votes cast by citizens nationwide.

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Presidential General Election Strategy

Campaign's plan for winning electoral votes through targeting specific states and demographics.

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Presidential Nomination Rules

Complex system of delegate allocation and primary/caucus scheduling that determines party nominees.

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Priming

When media coverage of certain issues influences how people evaluate political leaders.

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Proportional Representation

Electoral system where parties win seats in proportion to their share of votes.

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Public Interest Groups vs Private Interest Groups

Groups representing broad public causes versus specific industry or economic interests.

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Public Opinion Survey

A scientific method to measure what the public thinks about political issues.

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Reapportionment

The redistribution of congressional seats among states based on population changes.

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Recruitment

Process of parties finding and encouraging candidates to run for office.

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Redistricting

The process of drawing new congressional and legislative district boundaries.

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Single-member Districts

Electoral system where each district elects one representative by plurality vote.

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Super PAC

Independent political committee that can raise unlimited money but can't coordinate with candidates.

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Swing State

State where neither party has a clear majority, making it crucial in elections.

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Trustworthiness of Surveys

The reliability and accuracy of public opinion polls based on their methodology.

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Turnout Differences by Election Type

Voter participation varies significantly between presidential, midterm, state, and local elections.

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Voter Choice Criteria

The main factors voters consider when choosing candidates.

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Voter Registration

The process people must complete to become eligible to vote.

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Voter Turnout

The percentage of eligible voters who actually vote in an election.

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Winner-Take-All Rule

System where candidate with most votes gets all of a state's electoral votes.