HS Exam 1 - Pulmonary Diseases

most common “disease” known to mankind

acute upper respiratory tract infection

AKA cold

common type of cold

viral

last 10-12 days

do not warrant treatment

fever

clear discharge (mucus)

atelectasis

collapsed lung

obstructive atelectasis

blocked section of lung gets reabsorbed

caused by: mucus (most common for adults) or choking (most common for children)

non-obstructive atelectasis

result of compression or contraction

either too much fluid on outside of lungs or so scarred it won’t expand

atelectasis epidemiology

90% during surgery will resolve under 24 hours (due to anesthesia)

more common in obese or those with heart disease

obstructive lung diseases types

inhibits air flow

1. asthma

2. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

diagnosing criteria for obstructive lung diseases

breathe in/out as fast as possible

measure FVC and FEV1.0

asthma pathophysiology

chronic inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles

bronchospasm and air trapping → wheezing (“asthma attack”)

asthma epidemiology

higher in boys (youth)

higher in women (adult)

found in childhood

8.5% prevalence

non-hispanic and non-black have increased risk

asthma treatments

long term: steroids - inhaled once per day

short term: rescue inhaler

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) progression (types)

emphysema (losing ability to move air quickly) → chronic bronchitis → with asthma attacks

emphysema

obstruction of alveolar walls and merging of alveoli

alveoli lose surface area

difficulty breathing

main problem = how hard lungs have to work

chronic bronchitis

chronic cough with mucus

bronchi inflammed

decreased O2/CO2 movement

COPD wiith astmatic attacks

everything swollen

more wheezing

increased signs and symptoms

diagnosed when can’t move 80% of FVC in 1st second

COPD epidemiology

smoking!!!

pollutants and irritants

age

COPD treatment

put on oxygen

pulmonary rehab

lifestyle changes - stop smoking

COPD FEV1.0/FVC relationship

decreases

restrictive lung disease FEV1.0/FVC relationship

stays the same (both decrease)

restrictive lung disease

stiff lungs

chronic inflammation (scarring) of interstitial tissue

restrictive lung disease causes

unknown cause

exposure to coal dust, asbestos

restrictive lung disease signs

chest pain

decreased FEV1.0 and FVC

restrictive lung disease epidemiology

3-6 per 100,000

increased risk in females, obese, smokers, old age

restrictive lung disease treatment

anti-fibotic drugs to break up scarring

vascular lung disease types

pulmonary edema

pulmonary thromboembolism

pulmonary hypertension

pulmonary edema

accumulation of fluid in alveoli (swelling)

pulmonary edema causes

right heart failure → blood pooling in lungs

microvascular injury - inhale toxic/hot substances

blood infections

pulmonary thromboembolism

clot moves and gets stuck in pulmonary artery

pulmonary thromboembolism predisposing factors

inflammation from surgery, trauma, infection

congestive heart failure

pregnancy/birth control

bed rest

cancer

pulmonary hypertension

systolic blood pressure in pulmonary system > 30 mmHg

abnormally high

normal ~ 15 mmHg

pulmonary hypertension causes

COPD, heart disease, vascular disease

pulmonary hypertension survival and treatment

only a couple of years

only treatment is lung transplant