Unit 4 Exam (Condensed)

Metabolism

All chemical processes occurring within the body

Catabolism

Breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules

Examples of Catabolism

Digestion, glycogenolysis, lipolysis

Hydrolysis

Adding water to break a bond

Anabolism

Building complex molecules from simpler molecules

Examples of Anabolism

Glycogenesis, lipogenesis, protein synthesis

Dehydration Synthesis

Removing water to form a bond

Lysis Means

To break

Hydrolysis Memory Trick

Hydrolysis = Break

Dehydration Synthesis Memory Trick

Dehydration = Build

ATP

Cell's energy currency; Adenosine Triphosphate

ATP Structure

Adenosine and three phosphate groups

Where Most ATP Energy is Stored

In phosphate bonds

ATP to ADP

Removal of gamma phosphate releases energy

ADP to AMP

Removal of beta phosphate releases energy

ATP Regeneration

Phosphates can be added back to regenerate ATP

Major ATP-Producing Organelle

Mitochondria

Cellular Respiration Equation

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP + Heat

ATP Produced by Glycolysis

2 ATP

ATP Produced by Citric Acid Cycle

2 ATP

ATP Produced by ETC

28 ATP

Total ATP Per Glucose

Approximately 32 ATP

Stage Producing Most ATP

Oxidative phosphorylation

Correct Sequence of Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis → Acetyl-CoA Formation → Citric Acid Cycle → Electron Transport Chain

Glycolysis Location

Cytosol

Does Glycolysis Require Oxygen?

No

Glycolysis Can Occur

Aerobically and anaerobically

ATP Spent During Glycolysis

2 ATP

ATP Produced During Glycolysis

4 ATP

Net ATP from Glycolysis

2 ATP

Glycolysis Products

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvic acid

Transitional Phase

Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA

Transitional Phase Location

Mitochondrial matrix

Transitional Phase Products

NADH and CO₂

Citric Acid Cycle Location

Mitochondrial matrix

Citric Acid Cycle Products

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, 4 CO₂

Electron Transport Chain Location

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Final Electron Acceptor

Oxygen

ATP Produced by ETC

Approximately 28 ATP

Glycolysis Memory Trick

Split

Krebs Cycle Memory Trick

Strip electrons

ETC Memory Trick

Make ATP

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

Direct transfer of phosphate to ADP

Where Substrate-Level Phosphorylation Occurs

Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

ATP production using ETC and chemiosmosis

ATP Synthase

Enzyme that produces ATP

Glycogenesis

Glucose → Glycogen

Purpose of Glycogenesis

Storage of glucose

Hormone Stimulating Glycogenesis

Insulin

Glycogenolysis

Glycogen → Glucose

When Glycogenolysis Occurs

When blood glucose is low

Hormone Stimulating Glycogenolysis

Glucagon

Gluconeogenesis

Formation of new glucose

Sources for Gluconeogenesis

Glycerol and amino acids

Major Site of Gluconeogenesis

Liver

Secondary Site of Gluconeogenesis

Kidneys

Genesis Means

Build

Lysis Means

Break

Neo Means

New

Lipolysis

Breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

Beta Oxidation

Breakdown of fatty acids

Beta Oxidation Location

Mitochondria

Beta Oxidation Products

Acetyl-CoA, NADH, FADH₂

Lipogenesis

Formation of fat

When Lipogenesis Occurs

High ATP and high glucose

Ketogenesis

Formation of ketone bodies from excess acetyl-CoA

Ketosis

Excess ketone bodies in blood

Possible Result of Ketosis

Metabolic acidosis

Fruity Breath During Ketosis

Acetone

Amino Acids Can Be Used For

ATP production

Transamination

Transfer of amino group

Purpose of Transamination

Formation of nonessential amino acids

Amino Acids Can Become

Other amino acids or keto acids

Keto Acids

Can enter cellular respiration to make ATP

Absorptive State

Occurs after eating

Primary Fuel During Absorptive State

Glucose

Processes During Absorptive State

Glycogenesis, lipogenesis, protein synthesis

Absorptive State Type

Anabolic

Postabsorptive State

Occurs between meals

Processes During Postabsorptive State

Glycogenolysis and lipolysis

Postabsorptive State Type

Catabolic

Absorptive State Memory Trick

Store

Postabsorptive State Memory Trick

Burn

Insulin Produced By

Pancreas

Functions of Insulin

Glucose uptake, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, protein synthesis

Functions of Glucagon

Glycogenolysis, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis

Growth Hormone Effects

Protein synthesis and lipolysis

Thyroxine Effect

Increases basal metabolic rate

Cortisol Effects

Protein breakdown and gluconeogenesis

Testosterone Effect

Protein synthesis

Carbohydrate Digesting Enzymes

Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase

Protein Digesting Enzymes

Pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

Most Important Lipid Digesting Enzyme

Pancreatic lipase

Gastrin Function

Increases gastric secretion and motility

Secretin Function

Stimulates bicarbonate secretion and decreases stomach activity

CCK Function

Stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion

Glucose Absorption Method

Na⁺ cotransport

Galactose Absorption Method

Na⁺ cotransport

Fructose Absorption Method

Facilitated diffusion

Lipids Become After Absorption

Chylomicrons