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Manifest Destiny
19th-century belief in U.S. territorial expansion.
American Exceptionalism
Belief in the U.S. as a unique nation.
Native American Displacement
Forced removal of tribes due to expansion.
Texas Annexation
1845 incorporation of Texas into the U.S.
Mexican-American War
Conflict (1846-1848) over territorial disputes.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1848 treaty ending the Mexican-American War.
Gadsden Purchase
1853 land purchase for southern railroad route.
James K. Polk
11th President, advocate of Manifest Destiny.
Stephen Kearney
Military leader in acquiring New Mexico.
John C. Fremont
Explorer involved in California's Bear Flag Revolt.
Zachary Taylor
Union general in the Mexican-American War.
Winfield Scott
Key Union general during the Mexican-American War.
Sectional Tensions
Rising conflicts over slavery in new territories.
Compromise of 1850
Series of laws addressing slavery disputes.
Dred Scott Decision
1857 ruling denying citizenship to African Americans.
Henry Clay
Crafted the Compromise of 1850.
Stephen Douglas
Advocated for popular sovereignty in territories.
Roger B. Taney
Chief Justice who ruled in Dred Scott case.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, anti-slavery advocate.
Civil War
Conflict (1861-1865) over states' rights and slavery.
Emancipation Proclamation
1863 decree freeing slaves in Confederate states.
Battle of Antietam
Bloodiest single day in U.S. history.
Battle of Gettysburg
Turning point favoring the Union in Civil War.
Abraham Lincoln
16th President, led Union during Civil War.
Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederate States.
Robert E. Lee
Confederate general, known for tactical skills.
Ulysses S. Grant
Union general, pivotal in securing victory.
Reconstruction
Period focused on rebuilding the South post-war.
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery in the United States.
Freedmen's Bureau
Assisted freed slaves with education and housing.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Granted citizenship to all born in the U.S.
Andrew Johnson
President after Lincoln, lenient towards the South.
Thaddeus Stevens
Leader of Radical Republicans advocating for civil rights.
Charles Sumner
Radical Republican championing rights for freedmen.
Abolitionist Movement
Campaign to end slavery and promote equality.
Ku Klux Klan
White supremacist group formed in 1866.
Black Codes
Laws limiting rights of African Americans post-war.
Jim Crow Laws
Legislation enforcing racial segregation in the South.
Harriet Tubman
Abolitionist and key figure in Underground Railroad.
Frederick Douglass
Former enslaved person, leading abolitionist advocate.
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Novel influencing Northern anti-slavery sentiment.
Radical Republicans
Group advocating for strict Reconstruction policies.
