ANSC 3306 Exam 3 Review - Thomas, TTU Fall 25

What is the cause of Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis)?

Campylobacter jejuni

Campylobacter fetus

How is Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis) transmitted?

Fecal-Oral route

Not venereal

What are the clinical signs associated with Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis)?

1. Abortion in the last 6 weeks of pregnancy

2. Stillbirths and premature lambs (lambs don't do well)

3. Infected ewes may have fever, diarrhea, depression, and vaginal discharge several days before parturition

What are the treatment options for Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis) during or to prevent abortion outbreaks?

1. Procaine penicillin and Streptomycin IM (to treat sick ones)

2. Oxytetracycline in the feed (for the herd)

3. Isolate affected animals (pathogen is in uterine fluids)

What are the prevention and control options for Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis)?

1. Affected ewes abort once and may be retained as breeding stock because they develop immunity

2. Killed adjuvanted bacterin

Is Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis) zoonotic? Where does it come from?

1. Aborted tissues can be infected with people

2. Human campy (C. Jejuni) from contaminated chicken, cheese, fruit, vegetables, water, unpasteurized milk, sick pets, or farm animals.

3. fecal-oral route.

What are the human symptoms associated with Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis)?

1. Mild diarrhea with severe stomach cramps

2. Fever

3. Vomiting

4. Convulsions

What is the cause of Q fever?

Coxiella Burnetii - Rickettsia

How is Q Fever transmitted?

1. Tick-borne

2. Ingestion of infected material

3. Inhalation

What are the clinical signs associated with Q Fever?

1. Most infections are asymptomatic, but zoonotic

2. Late abortions or delivery of weak lamb

What are the treatment options for Q Fever?

1. Isolation of aborting does and ewes

2. Pregnant animals can be treated with tetracycline to prevent abortion

3. Remove aborted tissues

4. Pregnant women should not handle Q Fever-infected animals or tissues

What is the cause of Enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE)?

Chlamydia Psittaci

How is Enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE) transmitted?

Fecal-Oral route

What is the biggest cause of abortion in ewes?

Enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE)

What are the clinical signs associated with Enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE)?

1. Abortion or stillbirths with placentitis in the fourth month of pregnancy

2. Other animals in the flock may be affected by arthritis, pneumonia or pinkeye

What are the treatment and control options for Enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE)?

1. Isolation of aborting does and ewes

2. Remove aborted tissues

3. Oxytetracycline in feed or water

4. Killed vaccines can be used in enzootic areas 4-6 weeks before breeding

Define Enzootic.

A disease that is constantly present in a specific animal population within a certain area, though typically affecting only a small number of animals at any one time.

Is Enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE) zoonotic?

Yes, Pregnant women should not handle infected animals or tissues

Describe human chlamydia.

1. Human Psittacosis

2. Flu-like symptoms

- Fever, Chills, Headache, Malaise, Myalgia

3. URI

4. Pneumonia

5. Hepatitis

6. Myocarditis

What is the cause of Toxoplasmosis?

Toxoplasma gondii: a ubiquitous protozoan

How is Toxoplasmosis transmitted?

1. Ingestion of grass/feed contaminated with cat feces

What are the clinical signs associated with Toxoplasmosis in sheep?

1. No clinical signs in the adult

2. Infection before 50 days of gestation - embryonic death and resorption

3. Infection 60-100 days of gestation - fetal death or birth of weak lambs/kids

4. Infection in the last month of gestation - no apparent effect on the fetus

What is the major cause of ovine abortion in sheep-raising countries, including the US?

Toxoplasmosis

Is Toxoplasmosis zoonotic?

Yes, Aborted tissues may be infectious for people

What are the control options for Toxoplasmosis?

1. Avoid contamination of feedstuffs with cat feces

2. Don't let cats eat placentas or carcasses

3. Infected ewes/does seldom abort from Toxoplasmosis in subsequent pregnancies

4. In endemic areas, exposing replacement ewes to aborting ewes may provide immunity before breeding age

What are the effects of Toxoplasmosis on other systems?

1. Pneumonia

2. Myocarditis

3. Hepatic Necrosis

4. Meningioencephalitis

5. Chorioretinitis

6. Lymphadenopathy

7. Myositis

What is the cause of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)?

Picornavirus

What is the preferred host for Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)?

Cloven-hoofed animals

Cattle and swine >> Sheep and goats

How is Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) transmitted?

1. Aerozolized (not all strains)

2. Direct contact

3. Fomites (vehicles)

4. Semen (unlikely)

5. Mechanical vectors (birds & humans)

True or False. The clinical signs of FMD are indistinguishable from vesicular stomatitis (except vs also affects horses)

True

What are the clinical signs associated with Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)?

1. Fever, depression, anorexia

2. Vesicular blisters (rupture in 48hrs, mucosal slough and erosions), excessive salivation, lip smacking

3. Nasal discharge

4. Lameness

5. Teat lesions -> mastitis -> decreased weight gain of babies

6. High morbidity, low mortality

How is Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) an economically devastating disease?

1. Spreads rapidly

2. Weight loss

3. Mastitis and loss of milk production

4. Frequent abortion

5. Distrupts/halts interstate and international commerce

6. All affected animals are immediately killed

What are the Treatment options for Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in endemic areas?

1. Quarantine, Vaccination (type-specific)

2. Nursing care, antimicrobials for secondary infections

What are the Treatment options for Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in FMD-free areas?

1. Rapid ID and quarantine

2. Slaughter of all affected and exposed herds (federal)

3. Stamping out and disposal (kill within 24hrs, bury 3ft down, and cover with quick lime

What is the cause of Contagious foot rot of sheep?

1. Fusobacterium necrophorum - a natural inhabitant of LI and found in soil and manure

2. Dichelobacter nodosus - only lives in soil for 10-14 days

True or False. F. necrophorum alone causes foot scald in sheep and goats

True

What environmental conditions exacerbate Contagious foot rot of sheep?

1. Cold

2. Wet

3. Mud/manure accumulation - causes interdigital irritation, and F. Necrophorum invades

What is the pathology of Contagious foot rot of sheep?

Both bacteria are required for foot rot symptoms, and moisture or trauma to the interdigital area

What are the clinical signs associated with Contagious foot rot of sheep?

1. Lameness - pain

2. Weight loss

3. Decreased milk and wool production

4. Recumbent for extended periods of time, thus rubbing wool/hair off their flanks, brisket, and knees

5. Foot scald - inflamed interdigital region

6. Foot rot - hoof wall becomes under-run and can separate from the hoof wall, foul odor produced

What are the prevention and treatment options for Contagious foot rot of sheep?

1. Footbath with zinc sulfate solution every 5-7 days

2. Place on dry lot

3. Trimming feet: 1-2 times per year

4. Antibiotics

5. Vaccination: D. nodosus - expensive

What is the cause of Contagious Ecthyma (soremouth; Orf)?

The Poxvirus

How is Contagious Ecthyma (soremouth; Orf) transmitted?

Direct contact with an affected animal or fomite

What are the clinical signs associated with Contagious Ecthyma (soremouth; Orf)?

1. Crusting, proliferative lesions of the mucocutaneous junction of the mouth and nose

2. Lesions at the coronary band, interdigitally, on the conjunctiva, external genitalia, udder, or teats

3. Papular, vesicular ,and pustular then proliferative, coalescing, scabbed lesions

4. Reluctant to nurse/ear, walk, or be nursed

5. Disease runs its course in 3-4 weeks

6. Low mortality rate

What are the treatment options for Contagious Ecthyma (soremouth; Orf)?

1. The infection is usually self-limiting and of minor consequence

2. Tube feed young individuals if not nursing

3. Treat secondary infections - from picking scabs and opening the bloodstream to pathogens

What are the prevention options for Contagious Ecthyma (soremouth; Orf)?

1. Vaccination only if the infection is persistent (live Virus): Onvine ecthyma vaccine (placed in ear)

2. Vaccination can also be achieved with dried scabs from the previous years' outbreak in a bolus: Autogenous vaccine

What is the cause of Bluetongue?

Orbivirus

- Largely restricted to sheep, but other ruminants may show disease in some circumstances (cattle, goats, deer, camels)

How is Bluetongue transmitted?

1. Bite of the vector midge(small flying insects of the genus Culicoides

2. Occurs midsommer to early fall

3. Semen

4. Needles

What are the clinical signs associated with the reproductive syndrome version of bluetongue?

- Abortion, stillbirth

- Weak, "dummy lamb" births

What are the clinical signs associated with the vasculitic syndrome version of bluetongue?

1. Fever

2. Edema (swelling) of the face, lips, muzzle, ears, and eyelids

3. Excessive salivation

4. Hyperemia of the oral mucosa

5. Profuse serous nasal discharge that changes to purulent (crusts around nostrils and muzzle)

6. Tongue may be cyanotic*

7. Oral lesions (hemorrhages, erosions, and ulcers) are especially prominent on the dental pad and commissure of the mouth

8. Pulmonary edema (appears like pneumonia)

9. Secondary bacterial bronchopneumonia complicates

10. Lameness and stiffness

11. Hooves may slough

12. Diarrhea +/- blood

13. Recumbency

14. Death

What are the treatment options for Bluetongue?

1. Supportive and nursing care

2. Antimicrobials for secondary infections

3. NSAIDs

What are the prevention options for Bluetongue?

1. Fly control

2. MLVs are available in some parts of the world and should be based on local strains and serotypes

What is the cause of Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL)?

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

What does Caseous mean?

Cheese curd like abscesses

How is Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL) transmitted?

1. Very contagious; survives in soil

2. Direct contact with infected sheep/goats, especially with open abscesses

3. Shearing; other fomites like water troughs

What are the clinical signs associated with Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL)?

1. Affects internal and external lymph nodes

2. Lymphadenopathy

3. Weight loss; untrifty

4. Dyspnea (thoracic nodes)

5. Abcesses contain a thick, cheesy, white (sheep) or soft, greenish (goats) pus

How is Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL) diagnosed?

Aspirate and culture

What are the treatment options for Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL)?

1. Lance and drain (sheds organism: perform in an isolated place): Make a cross incision on the abscess to allow long-term drainage

2. Erythromycin and rifampin

3. Surgical removal of the entire lymph node

4. Cull

What are the prevention options for Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL)?

1. Cull clinical animals - don't lance

2. Biosecurity

3. Vaccinate - reduces clinical signs

What is the cause of Tetanus (Lockjaw)?

Clostridium Tetani: Common contaminant of soil and feces

How is Tetanus (Lockjaw) transmitted?

1. Wound contamination

2. Uterus or umbilical cord comtamination at parturition

3. Spores are unable to grow in healthy tissue because of normal oxidation-reduction potential of circulating blood

4. Bacteria multiply in necrotic tissue

5. After exposure, spores may or may not find a wound

What are clinical histories associated with Tetanus (Lockjaw)?

1. Surgical or traumatic wound

2. Recent parturition

3. Environment associated with old horse pens

4. Use of elastrator bands

What are the clinical signs associated with Tetanus (Lockjaw)?

1. Stiff gait, erect ears, still tail

2. Head and neck extended and stiff

3. Bloat

4. "Sawhorse" stance (falls into recumbency)

5. Sardonic grin. Unabe to eat/drink

6. Death (respiratory paralysis)

7. *Third eyelid protrusion*

What is the pathogenesis of Tetanus (Lockjaw)?

1. Spores in the environment introduced via woulds

2. settle in anaerobic environments

3. bacteria stays in necrotic tissue

4. Bacteria preforms autolysis to release neurotoxins

5. Toxins absorbed by motorneurons

6. Retrograde transportation to CNS

7. Excess toxin absorbed by bloodstream

8. Ascending or descending tetanus - spasmotic muscle contraction

9. Toxins interfere with release of inhibitory neurotransmitters at presymnaptic nerve endings

10. Increased muscle spasms

11. Death by asphyxia (diaphragm, external & internal intercostals stop/freeze)

What are the treatment options for Tetanus (Lockjaw)?

1. Prognosis is poor to grave (will likely die)

2. Penicillin (inject around the wound)

3. Wound care

4. Tranquilzers (to relax muscles)

5. Place in dark, isolated areas (decreased spasms due to lack fo stimuli)

6. Supportive care: relieve bloat, fluids

7. Slow recovery

What are the prevention options for Tetanus (Lockjaw)?

1. Tetanus toxoid

2. Tetanus antitoxin

What is the difference between a toxoid and antitoxin?

1. Antitoxins bind to toxins, and is supposed to neutralize any exposure

2. A vaccine for toxins, like the toxin

What is the cause of Caprine Arthritis-Encephalomyelitis (CAE)?

Retrovirus: virus persists in the infected goat for life (Seropositive)

- Affects goats of all ages, breed, and both sexes

How is Caprine Arthritis-Encephalomyelitis (CAE) transmitted?

1. Oral via colostrum and milk

2. Direct contact via fomites or serial needle use

What are the clinical signs associated with Caprine Arthritis-Encephalomyelitis (CAE) in kids?

1. Bright, alert, afebrile, but has posterior weakness and/or ataxia that is progressive to tetraplegia

2. Mild interstitial pneumonia

What are the clinical signs associated with Caprine Arthritis-Encephalomyelitis (CAE) in adults?

1. Polysynovitis-enlargedm painful joints with associated lameness (mild to severe, static or progressive) (carpal joints)

2. Weight loss

3. Severe chornic interstitial pneumonia

4. Leukocencephalomyelitis

How is Caprine Arthritis-Encephalomyelitis (CAE) diagnosed?

1. Serology

2. Joint fluid analysis

What are differential diagnoses options for Caprine Arthritis-Encephalomyelitis (CAE)

1. Mycoplasma

What are the treatment options for Caprine Arthritis-Encephalomyelitis (CAE)?

1. None for CNS syndrome

2. NSAIDs may give relief with arthritic pain

How is the prognosis for Caprine Arthritis-Encephalomyelitis (CAE)?

Poor

What are the prevention and control options for Caprine Arthritis-Encephalomyelitis (CAE)?

1. If new animals, check serologically

2. In an infected herd

- Depopulate and start with CAE free goats

- Test and cull herd

What is the cause of Scrapie, a type of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE)?

Prion: An infectious protein that misfolds normal proteins into more misfolded proteins

- Occurs in mature sheep (occasionally goats). Suffolk seems to have a higher incidence

How is Scrapie transmitted?

1. Oral ingestion of affected brain tissue or via nasal secretions or fecal shedding

2. Dams infect newborn lambs via nasal secretions (contact with placenta/fluids)

How long is the incubation period of Scrapie?

The incubation period is months to years, and the virus is shed throughout the course of the disease, thus lifelong.

What are the clinical signs associated with Scrapie?

1. Afebrile, alert

2. Mild temperament change (hyperexcitable)

3. Bilateral itching (pruritic) and rubbing with associated wool and skin damage

4. Smacking of lips when scratching

5. Self-mutilation (chewing themselves)

6. Muscle tremors, ataxia, loss of vision

7. Loss of swallow reflex - emaciation

8. Death

9. Signs slowly progressive up to several months

What are the treatment options for Scrapie?

None

What are the prevention options for Scrapie?

1. Do not feed sheep by-products to ruminants

2. Reportable disease - to Texas Animal Health Commission

What are other Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) besides Scrapie?

1. BSE - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

2. CWD - Chronic Wasting Disease (deer)

3. TME - Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy

4. CJD - Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (human)

What is the cause of Nervous Coccidiosis?

Eimeria spp.: Coccidia - Protozoan

- Prevalence is highest in the winter months

- Parasite may produce an exotoxin that is encephalotoxic

How is Nervous Coccidiosis transmitted?

1. Fecal-Oral route

- Associated with enteric infection of coccidia

What are the clinical signs associated with Nervous Coccidiosis?

1. First - diarrhea, tenesmus, and blood

2. Prolapsed rectum

3. CNS dysfunction

- Depression, incoordination, twitching, and hyperesthesia

- Recumbency, opisthotonosis, tremors, nystagmus, frothing, bellowing, and seizures

- Die after 1-5 days of encephalopathy

How is Nervous Coccidiosis diagnosed?

Fecal Floatation - large burden of coccidia eggs

What are the treatment options for Nervous Coccidiosis?

1. Sulfamethazine: inhibits the folic acid pathway

2. Amprolium (Corid) is a thiamine VB1 antagonist that mimics thiamine and starves coccidia.

3. Decoquinate (Deccox): disrupts electron transport in the mitochondrial cytochrome system of coccidia

4. Ponzuril (Marquis) extralabel: Inhibits nuclear division

5. Ionophores (Monensin)

6. Control seizures

7. Poor response to treatment and high mortality (72%)

What is the cause of Enterotoxemia (Overeating; Pulpy kidney disease)?

Clostridium Perfringens type D

- Not a common soil organism, but part of the normal microflora of the intestine

How is Enterotoxemia (Overeating; Pulpy kidney disease) transmitted?

1. Ingestion of excessive amounts of feed or milk in the very young and grain in feedlot lambs

What is the pathogenesis of Enterotoxemia?

1. In the feedlot, lambs switched rapidly to high-grain diets

2. Overnutrition provides substrate for the rapid proliferation of the type D organism and leading to toxin release

3. Toxin increases vascular permeability, causing edema in a variety of organs (lungs, kidneys, brain)

What are the clinical signs associated with Enterotoxemia?

1. Sudden death in well-conditioned lambs

2. Incoordination and convulsions

3. Opisthotonos, circling, head pressing

4. +/- diarrhea

5. In goats, diarrhea and CNS signs are seen

What are the treatment options for Enterotoxemia?

1. If caught early, give type D antitoxin

2. Oral antibiotics

3. Penicillin

4. IM VB1 (Thiamine)

5. Supportive care

6. Probiotics

7. Antacids/Bloat therapy

8. Feed hay (remove grain, forage only)

What are the prevention options for Enterotoxemia?

1. Feedlot lambs should be introduced slowly to concentrates

2. Vaccination with type D berterin-toxoid

How is Enterotoxemia diagnosed?

Necropsy: kidneys have soft pulpy consistency on gross exam

What is the cause of Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)?

Retrovirus: Related to CAE

How is Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP) transmitted?

1. Direct contact

2. Fomites (Saliva, Nasal discharge, Urine, Feces)

3. Contamination of feed and water

4. *Ingestion of infected milk/colostrum*

What are the clinical signs/syndromes associated with Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)?

1. Progressive emaciation: ("thin ewe syndrome") despite good appetite

2. Progressive pneumonia: expiratory dyspnea (trouble breathing out air), open-mouthed breathing, cough

3. Aseptic mastitis ("Hard bag") - enlarged, firm, reduced/no milk flow

4. Lameness due to arthritis

5. Posterior paresis

Why is there low seroprevalence of Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP) in Texas?

It is attributed to the hot, dry climate and extensive grazing practices

What are the treatment options for Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)?

None - most die within a year of first exhibiting Clinical signs

What are the prevention options for Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)?

1. Test and cull

2. Isolation of infected adults and artificial rearing of offspring

3. No vaccine