CWC II flashcards

Romanticism

An artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century.

Characteristics of Romanticism

Emphasis on emotion, individualism, nature, and the supernatural; glorification of the past and the exotic; focus on the inner world of the individual.

Romanticism reaction

Against the rationalism and order of the Enlightenment.

Influence of Romanticism

Shaped art, literature, and music; emphasized individual expression and emotions.

Utilitarianism

A theory in normative ethics promoting actions that maximize overall happiness or pleasure.

Pleasure principle

In utilitarianism, actions are right if they promote happiness or pleasure.

Utilitarianism and natural rights

Utilitarianism does not inherently support natural rights as it focuses on maximizing overall happiness.

Bentham's support for democracy

Bentham believed democracy would lead to greater happiness for the majority.

John Stuart Mill's philosophy

Adopted utilitarianism and supported individual freedoms.

Mill's support for unions

Advocated for workers' rights and collective bargaining.

Mill's support for women's suffrage

Believed in equal rights for women and their participation in politics.

Mill's opposition to British imperialism

Opposed imperialism due to its negative impact on colonized peoples, aligning with his philosophy of individual freedoms.

Positivism

A philosophical theory stating that genuine knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties.

G.W.F

Thesis, antithesis, synthesis - a method for resolving contradictions.

Hegel's view of history

History progresses through dialectical processes towards freedom and self-realization.

Karl Marx's influences

Influenced by Hegel's dialectical method and French socialist thought.

Marx's view on history

Believed history was driven by class struggle.

Marx's stages of history

Primitive communism, slave society, feudalism, capitalism, communism.

Class consciousness

Awareness of one's social class and its relation to the means of production.

Economic classes in industrial capitalism

Bourgeoisie (capitalists), Petite Bourgeoise (small business owners), Proletariat (working class).

Revolution for communism

Marx believed a proletarian revolution was necessary to establish communism.

Characteristics of communism

Classless society, common ownership of the means of production.

Influence of Marx

His ideas influenced socialist movements and the Cold War.

Darwin's contribution

Proposed the theory of evolution through natural selection.

Telos

The ultimate purpose or aim of an organism.

Darwin's work

Published "On the Origin of Species" in 1859.

Natural selection

Mechanism for evolutionary change where organisms best adapted to their environment survive and reproduce.

Fitness in Darwin's theory

Measure of an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment.

Darwinism's impact

Challenged traditional views of creation and human exceptionalism.

Freud's motivations

Believed human behavior was driven by the pleasure principle and the death instinct.

Freud's personality parts

ID (instinctual drives), Ego (reality principle), Superego (moral conscience).

Freud's libido

Psychic energy related to pleasure.

Oedipal and Electra complexes

Conflicts related to parent-child relationships.

Nietzsche's critique of Judeo-Christian tradition

Criticized its values as weak and life-denying.

Nietzsche's concept of ubermensch

Ideal superior individual who creates their values.

Nietzsche's eternal recurrence

Theory that life repeats infinitely.

Nietzsche's influence

Challenged traditional morality and influenced existentialism.

Irish famine causes

Potato blight leading to mass starvation and emigration.

Reform Bill of 1832

Extended voting rights in Great Britain.

Factory Act

Limited working hours for women and children.

Chartism

Movement advocating for political reform and workers' rights.

Corn Laws

Tariffs on imported grain, repealed to lower food prices.

July Monarchy in France

Constitutional monarchy established after the 1830 revolution.

Revolutions of 1848

Series of uprisings across Europe for political and social change.

Nationalism elements

Shared language, culture, history, and aspirations for self-governance.

Second Empire in France

Ruled by Napoleon III, characterized by authoritarianism and modernization.

Crimean War

Conflict involving Russia, France, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire.

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