CH16 Hu Be

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts in social development, based on lecture notes.

Attachment

Enduring emotional ties children form with primary caregivers, including proximity, security, and distress upon absence.

Four Patterns of Infant Attachment

Secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized.

Secure Attachment

Infants seek comfort from attachment figure.

Avoidant Attachment

Infants shut off their needs for attachment.

Ambivalent Attachment

Infants have difficulty being soothed.

Disorganized Attachment

Infants behave in contradictory ways, reflecting difficulty predicting attachment figure behavior.

Attachment Security Prediction

Predicts social competence and school grades from preschool through adolescence.

Socialization

The process by which children learn the rules, beliefs, values, skills, attitudes, and behavior patterns of their society.

Authoritarian Parents

Value obedience and respect for authority.

Permissive Parents

Impose minimal controls on their children.

Authoritative Parents

Enforce standards but explain their views and encourage verbal discussion.

Uninvolved Parents

Consistently place their own needs above the needs of their child.

Gender Roles

Specify behaviors considered appropriate for males and females.

Social Cognition

Children's understanding of themselves, others, and relationships which develops over time.

Perspective-taking

The ability to understand other people's perspectives or viewpoints which increases throughout childhood and adolescence.

Gender Constancy

Knowledge that a person's biological sex is generally fixed and permanent.

Gender Identity

A person's internal sense of their gender and the binary categorization of oneself as either male or female.

Moral Development

Reflects interaction of cognitive and affective changes.

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

Stages in the development of the person as a social being.

Basic Trust vs. Mistrust

Infants come to trust others or perceive the social world as hostile/unreliable.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Toddlers experience themselves as independent or feel insecure in skills.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Young children develop capacity to form plans but are vulnerable to guilt.

Industry vs. Inferiority

School-age children develop competence but may feel inadequate.

Identity vs. Identity Confusion

Adolescents establish a stable sense of who they are.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Young adults establish committed relationships.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Middle-aged individuals attempt to pass something on to the next generation.

Integrity vs. Despair

People look back with satisfaction or regret.

Parental Guidance Parenting Styles

Attachment, French, Tiger, Helicopter, Free-range, Strict.

Theories of attachment

Psychoanalysts and behaviourists, however, the two theories were similar in one other respect: they were both wrong

Harlow's Monkey experiment

Established that perceived security, not food, is the crucial element in forming attachment relationships in primates; he referred to the ties that bind an infant to its caregivers as contact comfort

Feral Children

Children who basically raise themselves in the wild, often with the help of wild animals, and show predictable deficits in physical, social and language development.

Bowlby's theory of attachment

Argued that attachment behaviour is prewired in humans, as is similar behaviour in other animal species, to keep immature animals close to their parents.

Ethologist Konrad Lorenz

Tendency of young animals of certain species to follow an animal to which they were exposed during a sensitive period early in their lives.(Imprinting.)

Separation anxiety

Distress at separation from their attachment figures emerges about the same time as infants begin to crawl

Strange Situation

Experimental procedure to demonstrate differences among infants using separations from mothers, stranger and reunions.

Secure

Infants who welcome the mother's return and seek closeness to her have a secure attachment style

Avoidant attachment style

Infants who ignore the mother when she returns display

Ambivalent attachment style

Infants who are angry and rejecting while simultaneously indicating a clear desire to be close to the mother have, also sometimes called anxious-ambivalent or resistant

Disorganised attachment style

Children with a disorganised attachment style behave in contradictory ways, indicating helpless efforts to elicit soothing responses from the attachment figure

Internal Working Models

Mental representations of attachment relationships that form the basis for expectations in close relationships.

Temperament

A person's natural disposition, or mood, reflecting a person's emotional dispositions and emotional reactivity.

Adult attachment

Refers to ways of experiencing attachment relationships in adulthood

Socialisation agents

Individuals and groups that transmit social knowledge and values to the child

Social media and digital devices

Has changed the social landscape and researchers are now focusing on the impact of social networking on the socialisation process and the development of youth in general

Cyberbullying

D derogatory messages and/or images are transmitted electronically with the intent of threatening or humiliating another person

Current parenting advice

Recommends a guidance approach to raising children, whereby parents help their children to manage their emotions, cooperate with others and think about the effects of their behaviour on others

Peers relationships

Are equally important to social development, friends and siblings

Rejected children

Children who are disliked by their peers are called (teased and ostracised by their peers; others are bullies)

Neglected children

Are ignored by their peers

Self-concept

An organised view of ourselves or way of representing information about the self

Perspective-taking:

ability to understand other people's viewpoints or perspectives involves moving out of egocentrism

Theory of mind

An implicit set of ideas about the existence of mental states, such as beliefs and feelings, in oneself and others

Gender Identity

The ability to categorise themselves (and others) as either male or female

Gender Schemas:

mental representations that associate psychological characteristics with each sex

Multicultural perceptions

Problematic attachments are seemingly able to be altered, but what about temperament? Different cultures have different perceptions of what is and is not a desirable temperament for their children, which result in different approaches to child-rearing, discipline and socialisation

Moral Development

The set of rules people use to balance the conflicting interests of themselves and others

Piaget's level of Morality of constraint

In which children believe that morals are absolute

Kohlberg: Preconventional Stage:

Reasoning at this level is based on avoiding punishment, and receiving rewards.

Kohlberg: Conventional Stage

Judgements at this level are based on compliance with conventional (social) rules and values.

Kohlberg Postconventional Stage:

At this level judgements are based on internalised and abstract principles of justice and the protection of individual rights

Psychodynamic view of moral development

Proposes that children start out relatively narcissistic

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

Integrates biology, psychological experience and culture

Adolescence

Identity versus identity confusion

Adulthood

intimacy versus isolation

Midlife

Generativity versus stagnation

Later life is

Integrity versus despair