Human Geography - Urban Futures

Why did cities first develop?

• agricultural knowledge increased

• food surplus

• not all had to work in agriculture

• migration to cities

• increase urbanisation

• industrial revolutions

• new jobs and opportunities open

• further migration

• full urbanisation

Why are the rates of urban growth faster in EDCS+LIDCS than ACS

urban growth has already taken place in ACS so do not grow as much now as large amounts of urbanisation have alr occured

• 70% are alr urbanised

Why is urban growth taking place in EDCS and LIDCS

• typically youthful pops

• encourage rural urban migrations

• young people move to urban for jobs

• `child bearing age so natural rapid pop growth

World City Definition

important hub in global economic system with iconic status and buildings

London as world city

• tnc hq - shell

• centre for business innovation - canary wharf

• 25% of uk economy

Megacity Definition

city that has a pop of 10mill+ people

megacities advantages

• social opportunities eg schools +cinemas etc

• variety of employment

• marginal groups

megacities disadvantages

• congestion

• air pollution

• inadequate housing

• social unrest

• marginal groups

Why are megacities important

• provide greater financial security for families

• better public services

• civic identity

• lower avg cost as production is higher

Ulaanbaatar rapid growth LIDC CITY - RAPID URBANISATION CAUSE

• capital of Mongolia

• rapid urbanisation due to urban migration due to push and pull factors (dzud makes people want to move to city as weather is less extreme BUT great job opportunities)

• internal growth due to youthful pop to rapid urbanisation

• dzud - cold weather that freezes animals which doesn’t happen in city

• many Mongolians live in Gers (portable round tent) allows farmers in rural areas to move around countries with animals

• farmers now moved to ulaanbaatar now there is a ger district in urban area

internal growth

natural increase (birth rate higher than death rate) within an urban area

Push + pull factors result in

rural urban migration

push factors

drive people away from a place

eg:

• poverty

• conflict

• natural disasters

• crop failure

pull factors

attracting people to a place

eg:

• jobs

• education

• safety

• housing

infrastructure

basic physical and organisational structures and facilities (eg buildings, roads, power supplies, sanitation) needed for modern society to function

informal housing/ squatter settlements

residential area which has developed without legal claims to the land/permission

informal sector

part of economy that isn’t taxed or monitored by any form of government

rural urban migration

movement of people from countryside to city areas

quality of life

extent to which an individual is healthy, has a suitable social, economic and environmental situation and is able to enjoy life

urban structure in LIDCS- how does this differ from ACS?

in AC, high quality housing is at the edge of the city

there are less/no squatter settlements in ACS

because in ACS land is cheaper as you move away from city and transport is better so people can have larger land and housing

why are squatter settlements often at edges of urban areas in LIDCS

• furthest from centre

• poor quality transport to centre

• poor quality land

• land could be more polluted

• undesirable land unwanted by others

• people there cannot afford to live closer to centre (CBD)

rapid urbanisation

the movement of populations from rural areas to towns and cities at a fast rate

negative consequences of rapid urbanisation

• not enough jobs to go around

  -unemployment

  -crime

• not enough houses

  -squatter settlements develop

• no rubbish collection

  -toxic rubbish heaps

• jobs in informal sector

  -unregulated + long hrs

  -low pay

  -poor conditions

• infrastructure can’t keep up

  -no basic services eg sewers + water

• road systems can’t cope

  -congestion

  -air pollution

• lack of access to education

  -can’t get skills to get a better job

• sewage + chemicals dumped in rivers

  -wildlife and humans harmed

• inequalities develop

urban structure ac

centre

1. cbd → shops, restaurants, offices, banks, few houses, land values high, tall buildings, first area in city to be built

2. inner city → lower quality housing, crowding, smaller, older houses, closed factories, run down, development taking place?

3. suburbs → safer, more expensive housing, luxury, larger houses, some parks/shops, mainly residential, new developments (eg housing)

4. rural urban fringe → villages in the countryside, some land protected eg green belt, least densely populated area

outer

suburbanisation

process by which suburbs (residential areas at edge of city) grow as city expands outwards

why do people want to move to the edge of the city?

ppl want better quality of life (for kids?), safer, less pollution (noise/cars), bigger garden, less congestion, better value for money

consequences of suburbanisation

• commuting time increase as further away from work in CBD

  → air pollution/congestion as more commuting

• larger demand on water supply

  → water stress?

• empty housing in inner city

counter urbanisation

movement of ppl out of cities into countryside or smaller towns

causes of counter urbanisation SIMILAR TO CAUSES OF SUBURBANISATION

ppl want:

• PERCIEVE IT IS SAFER

• more peaceful place to live and raise family

• lower crime rates

• lower cost of living

• can travel into CBD → good trainlines

consequences of counter urbanisation

• increased house prices

• gentrification

• less decentralisation

Re-urbanisation

process of ppl moving back into city centres

causes of re urbanisation

re development of inner urban areas eg new homes/jobs created → gov targets deprived areas to make more desirable

consequences of re urbanisation

• lack of affordable housing → empty and expensive apartments

• congestion due to more residents → more air/noise pollution → decreased quality of life

movement of ppl over time through diff sections of cities

1. younger ppl move to inner city for work/services

2. have kids so move to outer suburbs to raise family SUBURBANISATION

3. when retire, may move to countryside COUNTERURBANISATION

4. any point may chose to to go back to inner city for work or services RE URBANISATION

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in AC (London, UK)

location + motorways

se of england , surrounded by m25 motorway. lots of motorways start in london eg: m1 and m4. london is s of cambridge

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in AC (London, UK)

how did londons location help its development?

• located on e coast of england so trade w europe easier

• on river thames allowing shipping + transporting

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in AC (London, UK)

how has london developed over time?

1. roman settlement with 30,000 ppl

2. saxon city

3. medieval villages

4. tudors → pop/trade/wealth growth

5. great fir of london 1666 destroyed ¾ of london

6. 5 mill houses built by victorians

   LODNON HAS EXPANDED BY 60% IN LAST 100YRS

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in AC (London, UK)

how important is london REGIONALLY

influences surrounding areas:

• companies attracted to region → increasing jobs and wealth

• se and e of england are 2 biggest economies in uk

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in AC (London, UK)

how important is london within COUNTRY

• uk’s capital

• essential for uk’s economy

• over 20% of uk’s capital comes from london

• centre of uk’s transport system → road, rail, air and shipping links

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in AC (London, UK)

how important is london within WORLD

• world city

• one of 2 most important financial centres of world (w new york)

• more foreign banks in london than anywhere else

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in AC (London, UK)

pop?

• 9mill ppl

• growing by 100,000+ ppl/year

• more ppl living in lodnon than scotland wales put together

• bigger pop than most other uk cities

birth rate

number babies born/thousand/year

migration

movement of ppl from 1 place to another, usually to live

immigrant

person who comes into a country to live permanently

death rate

number of ppl who die/thousand/year

domestic migrant

person moving to live somewhere else in their own country

international migrant

person moving to live in another country

emigration

process of leaving a place in order to start a new life in a new country

net migration

difference between number of immigrants and emigrants.

• if more emigrants than immigrants = neg net migration

• if more immigrants than emigrants = pos net migration

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in AC (London, UK)

pop over time

• grown overall but also decreased

• net migration has been stable since 1998

  number of ppl moving out = number moving in

• growth is due to higher birth rate than death rate

• birth rate rising mostly amongst young immigrants

• 8.5mill ppl

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in AC (London, UK)

immigrants in london

• pre 1950s = irish + sailors

• 1950s = windrush gen + commonwealth migrants eg india, pakistan

• 2004 = eu lead to polish and lithuanian

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in AC (London, UK)

ppl of same ethnicity group in an area eg:

want to be somewhere where ppl speak same lang and familiar food

eg: southall = punjabi

chinatown = china

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in AC (London, UK)

chinatown

where? soho

history? 200yrs old og small settlement and moved places in 1950

egs? bubblewrap waffle + golden dragon restaurants, see woo shops, stone lions

events? new year with stalls and parades, vitnamese parade, zongzi making = stuffed rice

shops? chinatown bakery = fish shaped pastries, see woo = spices, fresh fruit and veg

restaurants? golden dragon = dim sum = cantonese food form s china, four seasons = roast duck

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in AC (London, UK)

how wld youthful pop affect character of london?

• leisure activities more gyms/cinemas/night clubs

• housing cheaper + smaller

• shops fast fashion = cheap

• tensions w/ og residents young ppl changing their towns

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in AC (London, UK)

what is life like in london?

• housing luxury waterfront apartments eg battersea power station redevelopment VS tower blocks eg grenfell

• leisure west end theatres eg collesium, tate modern art gallery, 02 concert

• consumption westfield shopping centre, oxford st shops

• culture notting hill carnaval, chinese new year in chinatown

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in AC (London, UK)

housing availability

• icnreasing pop but not housing

• not enough housing for demand so incrs prices eg avg london rent x2 elsewhere + some of least affordable in world

• workers on low incomes cant affrod to live near work = house sharing incr

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in AC (London, UK)

transport provision

• best access to transport in centre however most areas have access to bus/rail

• roads congested - 7am-7pm avg traffic speed only 8mph

• 1mill trains passages/day = overcrowded

• underground overcrowding doubvled delays between 2013-15

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in AC (London, UK)

access to services

• quality eductaion - higher gcse aps in ne london

• healthcare - free on nhs but overwhelmed incr waiting times - dermatology wait 54 wks

• school availability - best state schools eg Holland park are over subscribed and wealthy to private so poor state

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in AC (London, UK)

inequality + deprivation

• more deprivation inner london eg hackney

• uneven spreads of deprivation

• home to richest and poorest ppl in uk eg avg income in kensignton = £130000 vs newham £35000

• unhealthy lifestyles eg drinking/smoking/ drugs in deprived areas making life expectancy 5yrs lower

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in AC (London, UK)

one initiative to make london more sustainable

BedZED

• beddington zero energy development near croydon is largest carbon neutral eco community in uk

• 100 homes completed in 2002

• eco - town built on brownfield site so did not damage any ecosystems when built

• homes use 80% less energy and recycle 15% more waste than rest of uk

• social

  • clothes and furniture swaps

  • ppl eat tgther reducing costs + energy used and also talk

• economic

  • insulation (double-glazing) = no heating

  • wind cowls keep rooms supplied w fresh air so no ac needed

  • clothes and furniture swaps

  • solar panels cut energy bills

• environmental

  • community composting scheme = food waste made into compost used on site

  • homes face south so natural heating

  • segregated under sink recycling bins: green = compostable, grey = recyclable, brown = non recyclables

  • clothes and furniture shops was swap shop now residents email group

  • low energy lighting + energy efficient appliances used

  • solar panels

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in EDC = rosario (argentina)

location

• ne argentina

• on parana river

• 200km from capital = buenos aires

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in EDC = rosario (argentina)

history

started as small settlement, became argentina’s first port with a large Italian settlement.

lots of heavy industry, encouraging workers to move there.

this industry now closed so they focus on tourism, corned beef, food/veg processing

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in EDC = rosario (argentina)

importance regionally

• largest city in santa fe region = 1mill ppl

• regional transport hub w/ major roads eg national route 9 + international airport (islas malvinas) and lies on parana river so boats

• important industrial centre in region

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in EDC = rosario (argentina)

importance nationally

• 3rd largest city in argentine after buenos aires and cordoba

• first port in 1800s to export goods abroad

• city declined when chemical + steel plants closed

• new investments made city more important within country eg tourism

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in EDC = rosario (argentina)

importance internationally

• developed due to agricultural trade

• location on parana river connecting to atlantic so allowed export of corned beef + cereals across world

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in EDC = rosario (argentina)

international migration

• 1800s european migrants especially italians

• 62.5% of argentine pop is of italian descent

• recently s american immigrants and se asians eg koreans

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in EDC = rosario (argentina)

how italian migrants have changed rosario

• food

• architecture

• mafia

• messi is from roasario, from italian descent

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in EDC = rosario (argentina)

what is rosario like

• culture + ethnicity

  • national flag monument = monumento nacional a la bandera

  • museum of contemporary art

  • french renaissance architecture

• consumption

  • restaurants where beef is cooked on asado (grill) eg la huella

  • cafe chico

  • el centro = shopping ppl for youth and families

• leisure

  • river parana has sandy beaches

  • parque de espana due to warmer summer temps

  • salsa and tango clubs

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in EDC = rosario (argentina)

whats life like in roasrio - social inequality

• 100,000+ rosarians (10% pop) live in slums = villas miserias

• slums created due to cities infrastructure not meeting growth + arrival of migrants

• slums next to main roads eg national route 9 + railways

• pop density v high there = poor sanitation and lack of healthcare facilities

• ppl do not own land on which they hve built housing

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in EDC = rosario (argentina)

whats life like in roasrio - unemployment

• high rates of unemployment = riots and looting in supermarkets in 2001

• since 2001, initiatives have reduced unemployment

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in EDC = rosario (argentina)

whats life like in roasrio - crime

• villas miserias hve high poverty, crime, drug use levels eg drug war resulting to deaths of 570+ ppl 2011-14 HOMOCIDE RATE 5X REST OF ARGENTINA

• 2 football teams in rosaria are associated with villas miserias and crime

• main routed eg national route 9 link cocaine producing bolivia and marijuana producing paraguay to rosario and buenos aires

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in EDC = rosario (argentina)

initiative to make rosario more sustainable = pro huerta programme

aims to get ppl to produce their own food as in 2000 1/3 of workforce was unemployed due tio ckosed industry = hyperinflstion meant proce of food incrs 400% = looting. pro huerta introduced to reduce this.

= pro garden aiming to produce food locally and small scale alonmg roads andd railways

• environmental

  • veggies + aromatic plants eg sage, are 100% organic and chemical free

  • crops planted in rotation to prevent pest attacks and diseases

• social

  • low income families involved as majority

  • 800 community gardens supporting 40000+ ppl

  • 2/3 gardeners are women

• economic

  • low income families involved earning $150/month from sales = well above poverty line

  • plots assigned annually, free of charge as long as crops grown year round

challenges and opportunities for cities today CASE STUDY of city in EDC = rosario (argentina)

initiative to make rosario more sustainable = habitat programme

set up to reduce inequalities. staerted in 2000 + has helped 5000 ppl upgrade their houses by:

• social

  • new urban planning with new roads and infrastructure eg storm drains and sewage management

  • toilet facilities in houses

  • education programme for youth regarding dangerous behaviours

  • targeted support for women

• economic

  • legal ownership of land they live on

  • employment + income for younger residents thru training and work experience for 16-25 yr olds

• environmental

  • toilets in houses

  • improved sewage systems