TOPIC 1- Microbiology and Microorganisms

microbiology

the techiniques used to study smaller life forms like bacteria, viruses, etc.

pure culture

isolating organisms; to study bacteria individually

media

the nutrients used to grow the organism

cytoplasmic membrane

cytoplasm

ribosomes

genome

full complement of genes

chromosomes

genetic element that carries genes essential to cell function

plasmid

piece of DNA that carry non-essential genees

metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell to carry out the essential processes of life

catabolism

breaks down complex reactions and releases energy

anabolism

building reactions that require energy

enzymes

proteins that increase rate of chemical reactions, works by lowering the activation energy

ATP

used to store energy during catabolism; supplies the energy needed for anabolism

proton motive force

protist

any material that'‘s not a plant. animal, or a fungus

protozoa

animal-like microorganisms

algae

photosynthetic plant-like microorganism

fungi

unicellular (yeasts), filamentous (molds), or multi-cellular (mushroom)

viruses

        

bacteriophages

viruses that infect bacteria

phylogenetic species concept

a group of strains that share certain diagnostic traits, are genetically cohesive, and have a unique recent common ancestor

Robert Hooke

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Louis Pasteur

developed pasteurization; proved that it was possible to prevent the growth of microorganisms

pasteurization

process of being gentle heating to kill unwanted bacteria

spontaneous generation

Robert Koch

koch postulate

Fanny Hesse

streak plate technique

colony

titre

bright-field microscope

magnification

ability to make objects larger

resolution

simple staining

when one dye is used to color specimen

basic dye

positively charged chromophore; binds to negatively charged molecules

acidic dye

differential stain

when the organisms are stained 2 different colors

gram stain

acid fast stain

phase contrast microscopy

dark field microscopy

fluorescence

differential interference contrast microscopy

the two beams of light go through the structure almost at the same time

confocal scanning laser microscopy

electron microscope

transmission electron microscope

scanning electron microscope

coccus

roughly spherical in shape

bacillus

long-rod shaped cells

spirillum

long and spiral shaped