Anatomy Midterm Study Guide

Hierarchy of an Organism

Chemical level → Cellular level → Tissue level → Organ level → Organ system level → Organism level.

Integumentary System

Organs: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands. Functions: Protection, temperature regulation, sensation.

Skeletal System

Organs: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, bone marrow. Functions: Support, protection, blood cell production, mineral storage.

Muscular System

Organs: Skeletal muscles, tendons. Functions: Movement, posture, heat production.

Nervous System

Organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs. Functions: Rapid communication, sensory input, motor output.

Endocrine System

Organs: Glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal), pancreas, gonads. Functions: Hormone production, regulation of growth, metabolism.

Cardiovascular System

Organs: Heart, blood, blood vessels. Functions: Transport nutrients, gases, waste, and hormones.

Lymphatic System

Organs: Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus. Functions: Immune response, fluid balance.

Respiratory System

Organs: Lungs, trachea, bronchi, nasal cavity. Functions: Gas exchange, oxygen intake, carbon dioxide expulsion.

Digestive System

Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas. Functions: Digestion, absorption, waste elimination.

Urinary System

Organs: Kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra. Functions: Waste removal, water balance, blood pressure regulation.

Reproductive System

Organs: Ovaries, testes, uterus, penis, vagina. Functions: Reproduction, hormone production.

Anatomy

Study of body structure.

Physiology

Study of body function.

Responsiveness

Ability to sense and respond to stimuli.

Digestion

Breakdown of food into absorbable nutrients.

Metabolism

Chemical processes in the body.

Excretion

Removal of waste products.

Nutrients

Substances needed for energy and cell building.

Superior

Above another structure.

Inferior

Below another structure.

Proximal

Closer to point of attachment.

Distal

Farther from point of attachment.

Body temperature

Measure of heat produced and lost.

Homeostatic imbalance

Disruption of internal stability.

Element

Basic chemical substance.

Molecule

Two or more atoms bonded together.

Microscopic anatomy

Study of small structures (e.g., cells).

Macroscopic anatomy

Study of large structures (e.g., organs).

pH

Measure of acidity or alkalinity.

Atmospheric pressure

Pressure of air on the body.

Atom

Smallest unit of matter.

Cell

Basic unit of life.

Tissue

Group of similar cells.

Organ

Structure made of tissues with a specific function.

Organ system

Group of organs working together.

Organism

A living being.

Homeostasis

Maintaining stable internal conditions.

Stimulus

Change in environment.

Receptor

Detects the change.

Control Center

Processes information.

Effector

Responds to restore balance.

Negative Feedback

Reduces stimulus (e.g., body temperature regulation).

Positive Feedback

Enhances stimulus (e.g., childbirth).

Anatomical Position

Standing upright, feet together, arms at sides, palms facing forward.

Dorsal

Cranial, spinal cavities.

Ventral

Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic cavities.

Abdominal and Pelvic Regions

Nine regions (e.g., epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric).

Life Functions

Metabolism, responsiveness, growth.

Survival Needs

Oxygen, water, nutrients.

Anterior

Front.

Posterior

Back.

Sagittal

Divides left and right.

Frontal

Divides front and back.

Transverse

Divides top and bottom.

Respiration

Oxygen + glucose → Carbon dioxide + water + energy.

Inhalation

Air in.

Exhalation

Air out.

pH Homeostasis

Maintains enzyme function and cellular processes.

Epithelial

Covers surfaces (e.g., skin, lining of organs).

Connective

Supports and protects (e.g., bone, blood).

Muscular

Movement (e.g., skeletal, cardiac).

Nervous

Communication (e.g., neurons).

Carbohydrates

Energy.

Proteins

Structure and enzymes.

Lipids

Storage and insulation.

Nucleic acids

Genetic information.

Anabolism

Dehydration synthesis: Builds molecules.

Catabolism

Hydrolysis: Breaks molecules.

Enzymes

Catalysts for metabolic reactions.

Integumentary System

Functions: Protection, sensation, temperature regulation.

Skin Layers

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.

Accessory Organs

Hair, nails, glands.

Skeletal System Labeling

Skull, Vertebrae, Collar bone, Forearm, Hand, Pelvis, Upper leg, Foot.