BIOL 115 Exam 2

lectures 10-13 and organelle cards

organelles

specialized structures that perform jobs inside cells

bacteria and archaea

which domains contain single-celled prokaryotes?

eucarya

which domain contains multicellular eukaryotes?

prokaryotes

what was the first from of life?

eukaryotes

P or E: membrane-bound nucleus

prokaryotes

P or E: nuclei

animal cells

A or P: big and round

plant cells

A or P: small and square

10-100 um

how big are cells?

more surface area for metabolism

why are cells small?

the cell is a eukaryote

you’re looking at a cell that contains a membrane-bound nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria. what can you conclude?

endomembrane system

what system modifies, packages, and transports proteins?

1. protein synthesis begins
2. protein is deposited into the rough ER
3. protein is packaged into a vesicle and exits the rough ER
4. protein received at golgi
5. “final check”
6. protein obtains final job

what are the steps of the endomembrane system?

autophagy

molecules inside the cell are broken down for new use

phagocytosis

external cellular food is eaten by the cell

“zip code” sequence

what does a protein need to be sent to another organelle

plasma membrane

where does a protein go if it has no zip code sequence

kinesin

what protein carries vesicles along the “skeleton” of the cell?

prokaryotes

P or E: circular DNA

eukaryotes

P or E: linear DNA

cytosol

jelly-like substance in a cell

70%

what percent of water makes up cytosol?

store needed items for quick retrieval

what do dissolved molecules and ions allow a cell to do?

nucleoid

circular DNA is compacted in a region called _____

nucleus

organelle that encapsulates and protects the DNA of **eukaryotic** cells

nuclear envelope

the double-phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the nucleus

nuclear pores

part of the nucleus that allows molecules to exit

nucleolus

the darkly stained region within the nucleus where rRNA is synthesized

ribosomes

macromolecule made of a combination of proteins and rRNA that is responsible for converting RNA into proteins

true

T or F: ribosomes can be free floating or attached to the rough ER

rough er

organelle attached to the nucleus and composed of stacks of flattened membranes

rough er

the major location for the synthesis and packaging of proteins

lumen

the center of the rough er where ribisomes deposit proteins

smooth er

organelle found directly outside of the rough er that is composed of stacks of flattened membranes

smooth er

what organelle contains enzymes for carbohydrate and lipid synthesis and/or degradation

vesicles

molecules created by both types of er and packaged in bubbles to be shipped to other parts of the cell

golgi apparatus

organelle found directly outside of the er that is composed of stacks of flattened membranes and receives vesicles to sort thein contents and re-packages them

cis face

the face of the golgi that is closest to the ER and receives vesicles

trans face

the face of the golgi that vesicles are shipped out of

cisternae

the layers of the golgi

size and chemical properties

what are vesicle contents sorted by in the golgi?

lysosome

organelle that is a product of the golgi

lysosome

specialized vesicle created that contains up to 40 different enzymes that are all used for digestion of cellular material

acid hydrolases

enzymes within the lysosomes are called _____

fuse with other vesicles

what do lysosomes do to digest material for other processes?

central vacuoles

large membrane-bound organelle where water and enzymes used for digestion are stored

central vacuole

organelle that provides the cell with internal support when full

peroxisome

membrane-bound organelle that is much like a lysosome but is NOT created by the golgi

peroxisomes

what organelle is used for detoxification in plant and animal cells?

free floating ribosomes

peroxisomes contain enzymes that are made from

crystalline core

where does detoxification of chemical substances occur?

mitochondria

the organelle that produces cellular ATP

two

how many phospholipid bilayer membranes does the mitochondria have?

cristae

the folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

mitochondrial matrix

the space between the cristae

true

T or F: mitochondria contain their own DNA

chloroplast

organelle where photosynthesis takes place

stroma

the fluid-filled space inside the chloroplasts

three

how many membranes does a chloroplast have?

granum

a stack of thylakoids is called

lumen

the space within the thylakoids

SRP - signal recognition particle

what particle binds the signal sequence in the endomembrane system?

secreted

if a protein is NOT sent to an organelle and NOT placed in the plasma membrane it will be

circular

what kind of DNA does the mitochondria have?

binary fission

how do mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce?

granules

small RNA molecules within the mitochondria

protons diffuse into matrix through ATP synthase

how does the mitochondria produce ATP?

produce fuel in the form of sugars

what is the main job of chloroplasts?

thylakoid membrane

where does the first part of photosynthesis occur?

stroma

where does the second part of photosynthesis occur?

lamella

filaments that connect, stabilize, and evenly disperse granum stacks

circular

what kind of DNA do chloroplasts have?

inner membrane; mitochondria

ATP synthase is found in the _______ of the __________

early eukaryotic lineage diverged into two, and only one engulfed a photosynthetic prokaryote

what does the endosymbiotic theory suggest?

microtubules

polymers of many small proteins that stretch into long tracks throughout the cell. they serve as part of a cells “skeleton” to prove structural support and rigidity

motor protein

what kind of protein is a kinesin?

energy cannot be created or destroyed

what is the first law of thermodynamics?

hydrolysis reaction

what kind of reaction converts ATP to ADP?

condensation reaction

what kind of reaction converts ADP to ATP?

biosynthesis

production of raw materials

catabolic pathway

a pathway that **breaks down** macromolecules into monomers

anabolic

a pathway that puts monomers together to **build** macromolecules

enzymes

what proteins are responsible for breaking and making molecules?

ATP synthesis

the process that makes energy by processing food

O2

food + _____ = ATP

ATP synthase; mitochondria

ATP is “made” by ______ in the _____.

false

T or F: aerobic doesn’t require O2

aerobic

which form of cellular respiration is used by slow twitch fiber muscles?

1. glycolysis
2. pyruvate processing
3. citric acid cycle
4. electron transport & chemiosmosis

what are the four stages of eukaryotic cellular respiration?

catabolic

glycolysis is a process that breaks down a larger molecule into its smaller, individual components. This is a ____ pathway.

condensation

ATP synthase is taking ADP and creating ATP. ATP synthase is facilitating what kind of reaction?

cytoplasm

where does glycolysis occur?

reduction

NAD+ is converted to NADH through what kind of reaction?

pyruvate kinase

in glycolysis, ATP is created by a free enzyme called _____

mitochondrial matrix

where does pyruvate processing take place?

acetyl CoA

during pyruvate processing, one C is removed from pyruvate to make _____

mitochondrial matrix

where does the citric acid cycle take place?

inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae)

where does the electron transport chain take place?

NADH and FADH2

what molecules give up electrons to be passed through the ETC?

oxygen

what is the final acceptor in the ETC?