specialized structures that perform jobs inside cells
2
New cards
bacteria and archaea
which domains contain single-celled prokaryotes?
3
New cards
eucarya
which domain contains multicellular eukaryotes?
4
New cards
prokaryotes
what was the first from of life?
5
New cards
eukaryotes
P or E: membrane-bound nucleus
6
New cards
prokaryotes
P or E: nuclei
7
New cards
animal cells
A or P: big and round
8
New cards
plant cells
A or P: small and square
9
New cards
10-100 um
how big are cells?
10
New cards
more surface area for metabolism
why are cells small?
11
New cards
the cell is a eukaryote
you’re looking at a cell that contains a membrane-bound nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria. what can you conclude?
12
New cards
endomembrane system
what system modifies, packages, and transports proteins?
13
New cards
1. protein synthesis begins 2. protein is deposited into the rough ER 3. protein is packaged into a vesicle and exits the rough ER 4. protein received at golgi 5. “final check” 6. protein obtains final job
what are the steps of the endomembrane system?
14
New cards
autophagy
molecules inside the cell are broken down for new use
15
New cards
phagocytosis
external cellular food is eaten by the cell
16
New cards
“zip code” sequence
what does a protein need to be sent to another organelle
17
New cards
plasma membrane
where does a protein go if it has no zip code sequence
18
New cards
kinesin
what protein carries vesicles along the “skeleton” of the cell?
19
New cards
prokaryotes
P or E: circular DNA
20
New cards
eukaryotes
P or E: linear DNA
21
New cards
cytosol
jelly-like substance in a cell
22
New cards
70%
what percent of water makes up cytosol?
23
New cards
store needed items for quick retrieval
what do dissolved molecules and ions allow a cell to do?
24
New cards
nucleoid
circular DNA is compacted in a region called _____
25
New cards
nucleus
organelle that encapsulates and protects the DNA of **eukaryotic** cells
26
New cards
nuclear envelope
the double-phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the nucleus
27
New cards
nuclear pores
part of the nucleus that allows molecules to exit
28
New cards
nucleolus
the darkly stained region within the nucleus where rRNA is synthesized
29
New cards
ribosomes
macromolecule made of a combination of proteins and rRNA that is responsible for converting RNA into proteins
30
New cards
true
T or F: ribosomes can be free floating or attached to the rough ER
31
New cards
rough er
organelle attached to the nucleus and composed of stacks of flattened membranes
32
New cards
rough er
the major location for the synthesis and packaging of proteins
33
New cards
lumen
the center of the rough er where ribisomes deposit proteins
34
New cards
smooth er
organelle found directly outside of the rough er that is composed of stacks of flattened membranes
35
New cards
smooth er
what organelle contains enzymes for carbohydrate and lipid synthesis and/or degradation
36
New cards
vesicles
molecules created by both types of er and packaged in bubbles to be shipped to other parts of the cell
37
New cards
golgi apparatus
organelle found directly outside of the er that is composed of stacks of flattened membranes and receives vesicles to sort thein contents and re-packages them
38
New cards
cis face
the face of the golgi that is closest to the ER and receives vesicles
39
New cards
trans face
the face of the golgi that vesicles are shipped out of
40
New cards
cisternae
the layers of the golgi
41
New cards
size and chemical properties
what are vesicle contents sorted by in the golgi?
42
New cards
lysosome
organelle that is a product of the golgi
43
New cards
lysosome
specialized vesicle created that contains up to 40 different enzymes that are all used for digestion of cellular material
44
New cards
acid hydrolases
enzymes within the lysosomes are called _____
45
New cards
fuse with other vesicles
what do lysosomes do to digest material for other processes?
46
New cards
central vacuoles
large membrane-bound organelle where water and enzymes used for digestion are stored
47
New cards
central vacuole
organelle that provides the cell with internal support when full
48
New cards
peroxisome
membrane-bound organelle that is much like a lysosome but is NOT created by the golgi
49
New cards
peroxisomes
what organelle is used for detoxification in plant and animal cells?
50
New cards
free floating ribosomes
peroxisomes contain enzymes that are made from
51
New cards
crystalline core
where does detoxification of chemical substances occur?
52
New cards
mitochondria
the organelle that produces cellular ATP
53
New cards
two
how many phospholipid bilayer membranes does the mitochondria have?
54
New cards
cristae
the folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria
55
New cards
mitochondrial matrix
the space between the cristae
56
New cards
true
T or F: mitochondria contain their own DNA
57
New cards
chloroplast
organelle where photosynthesis takes place
58
New cards
stroma
the fluid-filled space inside the chloroplasts
59
New cards
three
how many membranes does a chloroplast have?
60
New cards
granum
a stack of thylakoids is called
61
New cards
lumen
the space within the thylakoids
62
New cards
SRP - signal recognition particle
what particle binds the signal sequence in the endomembrane system?
63
New cards
secreted
if a protein is NOT sent to an organelle and NOT placed in the plasma membrane it will be
64
New cards
circular
what kind of DNA does the mitochondria have?
65
New cards
binary fission
how do mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce?
66
New cards
granules
small RNA molecules within the mitochondria
67
New cards
protons diffuse into matrix through ATP synthase
how does the mitochondria produce ATP?
68
New cards
produce fuel in the form of sugars
what is the main job of chloroplasts?
69
New cards
thylakoid membrane
where does the first part of photosynthesis occur?
70
New cards
stroma
where does the second part of photosynthesis occur?
71
New cards
lamella
filaments that connect, stabilize, and evenly disperse granum stacks
72
New cards
circular
what kind of DNA do chloroplasts have?
73
New cards
inner membrane; mitochondria
ATP synthase is found in the _______ of the __________
74
New cards
early eukaryotic lineage diverged into two, and only one engulfed a photosynthetic prokaryote
what does the endosymbiotic theory suggest?
75
New cards
microtubules
polymers of many small proteins that stretch into long tracks throughout the cell. they serve as part of a cells “skeleton” to prove structural support and rigidity
76
New cards
motor protein
what kind of protein is a kinesin?
77
New cards
energy cannot be created or destroyed
what is the first law of thermodynamics?
78
New cards
hydrolysis reaction
what kind of reaction converts ATP to ADP?
79
New cards
condensation reaction
what kind of reaction converts ADP to ATP?
80
New cards
biosynthesis
production of raw materials
81
New cards
catabolic pathway
a pathway that **breaks down** macromolecules into monomers
82
New cards
anabolic
a pathway that puts monomers together to **build** macromolecules
83
New cards
enzymes
what proteins are responsible for breaking and making molecules?
84
New cards
ATP synthesis
the process that makes energy by processing food
85
New cards
O2
food + _____ = ATP
86
New cards
ATP synthase; mitochondria
ATP is “made” by ______ in the _____.
87
New cards
false
T or F: aerobic doesn’t require O2
88
New cards
aerobic
which form of cellular respiration is used by slow twitch fiber muscles?
89
New cards
1. glycolysis 2. pyruvate processing 3. citric acid cycle 4. electron transport & chemiosmosis
what are the four stages of eukaryotic cellular respiration?
90
New cards
catabolic
glycolysis is a process that breaks down a larger molecule into its smaller, individual components. This is a ____ pathway.
91
New cards
condensation
ATP synthase is taking ADP and creating ATP. ATP synthase is facilitating what kind of reaction?
92
New cards
cytoplasm
where does glycolysis occur?
93
New cards
reduction
NAD+ is converted to NADH through what kind of reaction?
94
New cards
pyruvate kinase
in glycolysis, ATP is created by a free enzyme called _____
95
New cards
mitochondrial matrix
where does pyruvate processing take place?
96
New cards
acetyl CoA
during pyruvate processing, one C is removed from pyruvate to make _____
97
New cards
mitochondrial matrix
where does the citric acid cycle take place?
98
New cards
inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae)
where does the electron transport chain take place?
99
New cards
NADH and FADH2
what molecules give up electrons to be passed through the ETC?