Studied by 10 people
organelles
specialized structures that perform jobs inside cells
bacteria and archaea
which domains contain single-celled prokaryotes?
eucarya
which domain contains multicellular eukaryotes?
prokaryotes
what was the first from of life?
eukaryotes
P or E: membrane-bound nucleus
prokaryotes
P or E: nuclei
animal cells
A or P: big and round
plant cells
A or P: small and square
10-100 um
how big are cells?
more surface area for metabolism
why are cells small?
the cell is a eukaryote
youāre looking at a cell that contains a membrane-bound nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria. what can you conclude?
endomembrane system
what system modifies, packages, and transports proteins?
protein synthesis begins
protein is deposited into the rough ER
protein is packaged into a vesicle and exits the rough ER
protein received at golgi
āfinal checkā
protein obtains final job
what are the steps of the endomembrane system?
autophagy
molecules inside the cell are broken down for new use
phagocytosis
external cellular food is eaten by the cell
āzip codeā sequence
what does a protein need to be sent to another organelle
plasma membrane
where does a protein go if it has no zip code sequence
kinesin
what protein carries vesicles along the āskeletonā of the cell?
prokaryotes
P or E: circular DNA
eukaryotes
P or E: linear DNA
cytosol
jelly-like substance in a cell
70%
what percent of water makes up cytosol?
store needed items for quick retrieval
what do dissolved molecules and ions allow a cell to do?
nucleoid
circular DNA is compacted in a region called _____
nucleus
organelle that encapsulates and protects the DNA of eukaryotic cells
nuclear envelope
the double-phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the nucleus
nuclear pores
part of the nucleus that allows molecules to exit
nucleolus
the darkly stained region within the nucleus where rRNA is synthesized
ribosomes
macromolecule made of a combination of proteins and rRNA that is responsible for converting RNA into proteins
true
T or F: ribosomes can be free floating or attached to the rough ER
rough er
organelle attached to the nucleus and composed of stacks of flattened membranes
rough er
the major location for the synthesis and packaging of proteins
lumen
the center of the rough er where ribisomes deposit proteins
smooth er
organelle found directly outside of the rough er that is composed of stacks of flattened membranes
smooth er
what organelle contains enzymes for carbohydrate and lipid synthesis and/or degradation
vesicles
molecules created by both types of er and packaged in bubbles to be shipped to other parts of the cell
golgi apparatus
organelle found directly outside of the er that is composed of stacks of flattened membranes and receives vesicles to sort thein contents and re-packages them
cis face
the face of the golgi that is closest to the ER and receives vesicles
trans face
the face of the golgi that vesicles are shipped out of
cisternae
the layers of the golgi
size and chemical properties
what are vesicle contents sorted by in the golgi?
lysosome
organelle that is a product of the golgi
lysosome
specialized vesicle created that contains up to 40 different enzymes that are all used for digestion of cellular material
acid hydrolases
enzymes within the lysosomes are called _____
fuse with other vesicles
what do lysosomes do to digest material for other processes?
central vacuoles
large membrane-bound organelle where water and enzymes used for digestion are stored
central vacuole
organelle that provides the cell with internal support when full
peroxisome
membrane-bound organelle that is much like a lysosome but is NOT created by the golgi
peroxisomes
what organelle is used for detoxification in plant and animal cells?
free floating ribosomes
peroxisomes contain enzymes that are made from
crystalline core
where does detoxification of chemical substances occur?
mitochondria
the organelle that produces cellular ATP
two
how many phospholipid bilayer membranes does the mitochondria have?
cristae
the folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria
mitochondrial matrix
the space between the cristae
true
T or F: mitochondria contain their own DNA
chloroplast
organelle where photosynthesis takes place
stroma
the fluid-filled space inside the chloroplasts
three
how many membranes does a chloroplast have?
granum
a stack of thylakoids is called
lumen
the space within the thylakoids
SRP - signal recognition particle
what particle binds the signal sequence in the endomembrane system?
secreted
if a protein is NOT sent to an organelle and NOT placed in the plasma membrane it will be
circular
what kind of DNA does the mitochondria have?
binary fission
how do mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce?
granules
small RNA molecules within the mitochondria
protons diffuse into matrix through ATP synthase
how does the mitochondria produce ATP?
produce fuel in the form of sugars
what is the main job of chloroplasts?
thylakoid membrane
where does the first part of photosynthesis occur?
stroma
where does the second part of photosynthesis occur?
lamella
filaments that connect, stabilize, and evenly disperse granum stacks
circular
what kind of DNA do chloroplasts have?
inner membrane; mitochondria
ATP synthase is found in the _______ of the __________
early eukaryotic lineage diverged into two, and only one engulfed a photosynthetic prokaryote
what does the endosymbiotic theory suggest?
microtubules
polymers of many small proteins that stretch into long tracks throughout the cell. they serve as part of a cells āskeletonā to prove structural support and rigidity
motor protein
what kind of protein is a kinesin?
energy cannot be created or destroyed
what is the first law of thermodynamics?
hydrolysis reaction
what kind of reaction converts ATP to ADP?
condensation reaction
what kind of reaction converts ADP to ATP?
biosynthesis
production of raw materials
catabolic pathway
a pathway that breaks down macromolecules into monomers
anabolic
a pathway that puts monomers together to build macromolecules
enzymes
what proteins are responsible for breaking and making molecules?
ATP synthesis
the process that makes energy by processing food
O2
food + _____ = ATP
ATP synthase; mitochondria
ATP is āmadeā by ______ in the _____.
false
T or F: aerobic doesnāt require O2
aerobic
which form of cellular respiration is used by slow twitch fiber muscles?
glycolysis
pyruvate processing
citric acid cycle
electron transport & chemiosmosis
what are the four stages of eukaryotic cellular respiration?
catabolic
glycolysis is a process that breaks down a larger molecule into its smaller, individual components. This is a ____ pathway.
condensation
ATP synthase is taking ADP and creating ATP. ATP synthase is facilitating what kind of reaction?
cytoplasm
where does glycolysis occur?
reduction
NAD+ is converted to NADH through what kind of reaction?
pyruvate kinase
in glycolysis, ATP is created by a free enzyme called _____
mitochondrial matrix
where does pyruvate processing take place?
acetyl CoA
during pyruvate processing, one C is removed from pyruvate to make _____
mitochondrial matrix
where does the citric acid cycle take place?
inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae)
where does the electron transport chain take place?
NADH and FADH2
what molecules give up electrons to be passed through the ETC?
oxygen
what is the final acceptor in the ETC?
Note 
Flashcard (41)