GEC 2 exam

The value of history is moral

Moral by:

Liberizing the mind
Deepening the Sympathies
Fortifying the will
To enable to control not society but ourselves and prepare us to live more HUMANLY in the present and to meet the future

History

is a vital importance to the human race because it primarily recounts the rise and fall of human civilizations

Etymological Definition

derived form the Greek word, (historia) which means inquiry, knowledge

Aristotle

A systematic account of a set of natural phenomena

Formal Definition

the study of the past as it is described in written documents (and other sources = oral history)

PHILPPHINE HISTORIOGRAPHY

underwent several changes since precolonial period until present

Ancient Filipinos

narrated their history though communal songs and epics that they passed orally form a generation to another

Spaniards came

their chroniclers started recording their observations though written accounts

The Spanish colonizers

narrated the history of their colony in bipartite view

Filipino historian Zeus salazar

introduced the new guiding philosophy and writing and teaching history (for us perspective) - this perspective highlights the importance of facilitating an internal conversation an discourse among Filipinos about our own history, using the language that is understood by everyone

Historical method

examination and analysis of records

Historiography

reconstruction of the past from the data (writing or narration)

Historical research

attempts to systematically recapture the complex nuances, the people, meaning of the past that have influenced and shaped the present

Steps in Historical Research

Identify an idea, topic, or research question
Conduct a background literature review
Refine the research idea and questions
Determine that Historical methods will be the method used
Identify and locate primary and secondary data sources
Evaluate the authenticity and accuracy of source materials
Analyze the date and develop a narrative exposition of the findings

Primary Sources (main)

sources produced at the same time as the event, period, or subject, being studied. Eyewitness accounts of convention delegates and their memoirs are used as primary sources Archival documents, artifacts, memorabillia, letters, census, and government records

Secondary Source (main)

sources that are produced by an author who used primary sources to produce the material are historical sources, which studied a certain historical subject

Primary Sources

Eyewitness accounts of events/Can be oral or written testimony

Primary Sources

Found in public records and legal documents, minutes of meetings, corporate records, recordings, letters, diaries, journals, drawings. Located in university archives, libraries or privately run collections such as local historical society.

Primary Sources

Help students relate in a personal way to events of the past and promote a deeper understanding of history as a series of human events.

Primary Sources

are snippets of history, they encourage students to seek additional evidence through research

Primary Sources

are materials in a variety of formats, created at the time under study.

Primary Sources

are produced usually by a participant or observer at the time an event or development took place (or even at a later date)

Primary Sources

Nonwritten primary sources might be taped interviews, films and videotapes, photographs, furniture, cards, tools, weapons, houses and other artifacts.

Primary Sources

Original evidence documenting a time period, event, people, idea, or work.

Primary Sources

can be printed materials (such as books and ephemera), manuscript/archival materials (such as diaries or ledgers), audio/visual materials (such as recordings or films), artifacts (such as clothes to personal belongings), or born-digital materials (such as emails or digital photographs)

Primary Sources

can be found in analog, digitized, and born-digital forms.

Secondary sources

Can be oral or written/ Second-hand accounts of events.

Secondary Sources

Found in textbooks, encyclopedias, journal article, newspaper, biographies, and other media such as films or tape recordings.

Secondary Sources

A work synthesizing and/or commenting on primary and/or other secondary sources.

Secondary Sources

which are often works of scholarship, are differentiated from primary sources by the element of critical synthesis, analysis, or commentary.

History

is the memory of a people, its remembrance of its past and to remember one’s past at is in fact necessary to come to a realization of one’s personal identity and purpose in life.

What is History for?

History teaches certain lessons, valuable lessons which will help us in the conduct of our present life. Both as individuals and as communities we are confronted with certain problems. These problems are not new. They confronted men in the past and the man in the past come up with certain answers which can either be correct or wrong.

History

is hind-sight and can be a useful thing.

History

can be foresight and help us foretell the future

The Laws of History

Auguste Comte
Georg Friedrich Hegel
Carl Marx

Auguste Comte

a French sociologist said that history is the law of Indefinite Progress. Mankind or man is slowly but surely getting better, every day and every way. From remote beginning in the cave, we march through the successive stages of cultural development.

Georg Friedrich Hegel

a German philosopher contradicted Comte’s law of history. According to Hegel, law of history is not simple. It is in fact very complicated. Hegel said it is not a straight line if indefinite progress but a zigzag spiral pattern. A pattern of expression and contraction and projection of return, and of tension and resolution of tension.

Carl Marx

a German philosopher contradicted but Hegel and Comte. According to Marx man’s activities and all of his ideas are governed and controlled by the way he made a living., the way he feeds and clothes himself. History is determined by economics. Change economics and you change history.

History

gives us knowledge of men. Not the abstract knowledge but the concrete existential knowledge; a knowledge of men acting, men suffering, men in very circumstances of life and death.

INTERNAL CRITICISM

aka positive criticism is the attempt of the researcher to restore the meaning of the text. -looks at the content of the source and examines the circumstances of its production

INTERNAL CRITICISM

looks at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking at the author of the source, its context, the agenda behind its creation, the knowledge which informed it, and its intended purpose

EXTERNAL CRITICISM

the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its physical characteristics; consistency with the historical characteristic of the time when it was produced; and the materials used for the evidence.

EXTERNAL CRITICISM

examples of the things that will be examined when conducting external criticism of a document include the quality of the paper, the type of ink, and the language and words used in the material, among others

Examples of primary source material include:

Written materials: speeches, letters, diaries, autobiographies, and memoirs, newspapers and magazines published at the time, government documents, maps, laws, advertisements.

Images: photographs, films, fine art
Audio: oral histories, interviews, music recordings
Artifacts: clothing, tools, inventions, memorabilia