History: colonial wars

colonial wars between the french and the english, including the indigenous.

what are the 13 colonies major differences from NF?

• Britain invested a lot in their colonies.

• established large settlements in order to get more power/wealth over the other imperial countries.

• the weather was mild. (Especially in the southern colonies).

  • farms flourished all year round, was very comfortable.

• economy = farming, fishing, logging.

  • lots of ways for a colonist to earn money.

• allowed different faiths/etheincity to settle in the british colonies.

• initially allowed to trade with other countries.

  • colonist were allowed to start businesses/grow crops for profit.

what are NF major differences from the 13 colonies?

• didn’t invest a lot in the North American colonies.

• priority = collecting furs, timber, fish, natural resources.

• winters were very cold and long.

• St. Lawrence Valley/Acadia had extreme weathers.

  • too cold to earn a living by farming. (Harder to earn a living).

  • but best place for thick furs.

• early economy based on fur trades.

  • First nations/coureur du bois/fur traders ran most of the fur trading.

• not many opportunities to earn a living for the others.

• only french catholics encouraged to come to NF.

• NF was only allowed to trade with France.

• all trade revolved around fur trade.

begining of the colonial war, who claimed who? (territorial claims)

• France claimed: Louisiana, Acadia and New France.

• England claimed: Atlantic coast (13 colonies), Rupert’s land (Hudson’s bay territory).

In the begining what land was over territorial dispute?

Both France & England claimed Newfoundland.

After the Iroquois defeated the Huron (french allies) what happened after?

• They were British allies.

• After the Iroquois defeated the Huron (french allies) French trade routes went through Montreal, through iroquois territory.

• Britain realized the need for an Iroquois alliance.

  • The Iroquois were critical to the fur trade.

  • exerted strong diplomatic influence on other first nations.

  • held the entire frontier against the French.

  • outnumbered the colonists.

  • wielded a formidable military strength.

• created many tensions in the area.

What were the agreements that the Haudenosaunee had signed and who were the nations?

• the european colonists & the Haudenosaunee had established an alliance of mutual non-interference in the early 17th century with the Two Row Wampum.

• The Silver Covenant Chain was another agreement between the Britain & the Haudenosaunee.

• With the Treaty of Albany (1701), Haudenosaunee sold the lands of the Great Lakes to Britain in return for protection and continued hunting and fishing rights.

Why was the fortress of Halifax built for?

(1749) the fort of Halifax was built by the British to counter the French presence at Louisbourg, on Isle Royale.

How did the war with the Mi’kmaq happen?

The growing English population spilled into the Mi’kmaq areas, which lead to The War with the Mi’kmaq (1749-1753).

Who is Edward Cornwallis?

• Governor Cornwallis of Halifax placed a bounty on Mi’kmaq prisoners and scalps.

• This war was ended with a treaty that is still referred to today in court cases about hunting and fishing rights (The Marshall Decision).

how and why did the expulsion of the acadians happen?

• the British removed the french-speaking Acadians who still lived in NS in responds to their determination to stay neutral.

• & their refusal to sign an oath of allegiance to the king of england.

• the British feared them choosing to side with the french in an future war.

• The Acadians were dispersed throughout North America, but many came back about a decade later.

What is the 7 years’ war?

• This was the first global war fought in Europe, India & America at sea.

• In North America, imperial rivals Britain and France struggled for supremacy.

• early in the war when the French (aided by canadian militia & the Mi’kmaq allies) defeated all the British’s attacks & took a big sum of their forts.

What are the causes of the 7 years’ war?

• Commercial and imperial rivalry between Britain and France.

• The main British war aim was to remove France as a commercial rival.

  • Britain attacked France’s colonies and their French navy overseas.

• France was really committed to fighting on the European continent.

• But led to them having very few resources for their colonies.

What did capturing Louisbourg do for the British?

In 1758, the British captured Louisbourg, gaining control of the Gulf of St. Lawrence

What happened on the plains of Abraham?

• British troops under General Wolfe discovered the cliffs to the Plains of Abraham just outside the fort of Quebec. (Sept, 1759).

• Montcalm that was defending the French fortress attacked immediately instead of waiting of reinforcements.

• The British quickly broke through the French lines & reached the walls of the city.

• Wolfe was killed in battle & Montcalm (French general) was mortally wounded while retreating.

Montcalm - French general

What were the consequences of the seven years’ war?

• Huge impact on the Northern American colonies.

• France lost Isle royal and New france.

• New france was officially surrendered to the British in the late 17th century.

What is the history of the treaty of Paris?

• war continued in Europe.

• the treaty of paris still not signed until the end of the 7 years’ war.

• France officially gave up all of its North American land except Saint Pierre and Miquelon. (To Britain).

• Kept these small islands to still have fishing rights. (NFLD).

How were the french under Britain rule?

• Britain no longer felt threat from the French.

• the british let them still live in the St. Lawrence area under british rule.

How the Royal Proclamation of 1763 was still important today

• set out a policy regarding boundaries conquered lands.

• It recognized Indigenous occupancy of the Ohio Valley.

• still referred today in indigenous the courts.

What caused & happened on the pontiac wars?

• british settlers (from the 13 colonies) decided to ignore the Royal Proclamation and settle on indigenous lands.

  • this led to the pontiac wars.

• british settlers settled on indigenous land due to the increased population in the 13 colonies.

• the indigenous signed a treaty with the british regarding the land is theirs.

• but friction was created when british settlers began settling on Mi’kmaq land.

What is the Quebec act of 1774 & why was it created?

protected the rights of French Canadians under British rule

secured Canadian’s support in the event of another war with France.

maintained the seigneurial system of land ownership

continued the use of French civil law

protected the Roman Catholic religion

protected the French language.

gave Roman Catholics seats on the appointed council even though Catholics had no rights anywhere else in the British Empire.