C1.2 Cellular Respiration: GLYCOLYSIS

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What is ATP?

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1

What is ATP?

  • ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate

  • the energy currency of the cell, used for temporary energy storage and transfers

  • it is soluble in water and moves freely through the cytoplasm

  • stable at pH levels near neutral

  • canNOT freely pass through phospholipid bilayer

  • When ATP is Hydrolized the decomposition to adp + p releases a small amount of energy which is sufficient for cell processes

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Cells require ATP for.. (3)

  1. synthesizing macromolecules

  2. active transport (ex. active transport)

  3. movements (ex. cytokinesis)

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3

ADP can be converted to ATP using energy from where?

  • cell respiration

  • photosynthesis

  • chemosynthesis

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4

gas exchange

respiration uses O2 and produces CO2, passing through plasma membrane atthe same time (independant simple diffusion, not one-for-one)

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5

Controlled oxidation

  • used by respiration

  • many rxn’s releasing small amounts of energy

  • uses carrier molecules

  • productive

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Rapid Combustion

sudden release of all energy, in the form of thermal energy —> wasteful, can’t be used —> overheat

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Aerobic respiration

  • the electron acceptor is oxygen in oxidation rxn’s

  • done by humans, animals, and plants

  • 1 glucose + 1 Oxygen —> 1carbon dioxide + 1water (by addition of ADP, produces ATP)

  • higher yield of ATP

  • glucose and lipids can be used after deamination

  • initial reactions are in cytoplasm but more occur in mitochondria

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deamination

the removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compound

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Anaerobic respiration

  • done by humans, animals, and bacteria

    • glucose —> lactate

  • yeast, fungi

    • glucose —> ethanol and carbon dioxide

  • only carbs can be used

  • lower yield of ATP

  • all rxn’s occur in the cytoplasm

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Redox reactions

  • Oxidation and reduction

    • chemical processes which always occur together

    • transfer electrons from one substance to another

  • oxidation > loss of electrons (LEO)

  • reduction > gains electrons (GER)

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Benedict’s Test

  • Test for certain types of sugar

  • uses copper sulfate solution with copper ions (diff colours)

  • mix with sugar, electrons transfer to ions to make copper atoms

  • colour change —> oxidized

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electron carriers

  • substances that can accept and lose electrons reversibly

  • often link oxidations and reductions in cells

  • main carrier is NAD in respiration

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NAD

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

  • NAD + 2e-

    • reduced NAD or NADH

  • NAD+ Oxidized by removal of 2 hydrogen atoms

  • NAD+ is reduced to NADH by the addition of 1 proton and 2 electrons

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NAD reduction equation

NAD+ + 2H+ + 2e- —> NADH + H+

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Glycolysis

  • first step of aerobic respiration

  • a series of 10 enzyme catalysed reactions

  • 4 ATP produced by substrate-phosphorylation

  • occurs in cytoplasm using ATP energy

  • converted into pyruvate by chain of rxns

  • 4 steps

    1. phosphorylation of glucose

    2. lysis

    3. oxidation

    4. atp formation

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Phosphorylation of glucose (GLYCOLYSIS)

  • the addition of phosphate to a molecule from ATP, makes it unstable.

  • now symmetrical

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Lysis (GLYCOLYSIS)

  • breaking apart of the newly symmetrical molecule

  • fructose-1, 60biphosphate —> 2 triose phosphate

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Oxidation (GLYCOLYSIS)

  • each triose phosphate is oxidized by removing hydrogen atoms

  • hydrogen accepted by NAD + becomes reduced

  • energy released by oxidation of triose allows a second phosphate group to become attached

    —> producing biphosphoglycerate

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ATP Formation (GLYCOLYSIS)

  • 2 biphosphoglycerates produced per glucose

  • 4 ATP’s per glucose

    • uses this for its phosphates to produce ATP

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Glycolysis overall equation

glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ —> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH + 2H+

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21

substrate level phosphorylation

ATP is directly formed by the transfer of a phosphate group from a molecule to an ADP

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22

Oxidative phosphorylation

ATP is formed indirectly through a series of redox reactions (occurs in ETC)

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23

Reducing agent

substance that loses an electron, it is oxidized

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oxidizing agent

substance that gains an electron, it is reduced

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FAD

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

  • reduced to FADH2 by gaining 2e- and 2p+

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