Organic Chemistry: Acids, Bases, Functional Groups, and Redox Reactions

How do you determine the formula and charge of the conjugate base of an acid?

The conjugate base is formed by removing a proton (H+) from the acid.

What is the main conjugate acid-base pair in an acid-base reaction?

The acid and its conjugate base or the base and its conjugate acid.

Identify the functional groups that contain oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen.

Alcohol, phenol, thiol, ether, and amine.

How do you convert the Lewis structure of an ether or amine to its condensed structure?

By simplifying the representation to show only the connectivity of atoms without showing lone pairs.

What is the skeletal line structure of an ether or amine?

A simplified representation that shows the carbon skeleton and functional groups without explicitly showing hydrogen atoms.

Compare the boiling point and water solubility of alcohols, ethers, and alkanes.

Alcohols have higher boiling points and solubility due to hydrogen bonding, while ethers and alkanes have lower boiling points and solubility.

Differentiate between primary, secondary, and tertiary amines.

Primary amines have one carbon group, secondary have two, and tertiary have three carbon groups attached to the nitrogen.

How do the boiling points and water solubility of primary/secondary amines compare to tertiary amines?

Primary and secondary amines generally have higher boiling points and solubility than tertiary amines due to stronger hydrogen bonding.

What is the structure of the conjugate acid of an amine dissolved in water?

The conjugate acid is formed when the amine accepts a proton (H+) from water, resulting in a positively charged ammonium ion.

Identify five carbonyl-containing functional groups.

Aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, and amide.

How do you interconvert between Lewis structure, condensed structure, and skeletal line structure for carbonyl compounds?

By representing the connectivity of atoms in different formats while maintaining the same molecular structure.

What is the IUPAC naming convention for aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters?

Aldehydes end in -al, ketones in -one, carboxylic acids in -oic acid, and esters in -oate.

What is the effect of weak acids and weak bases on pH when dissociated in water?

Weak acids produce H3O+ ions, while weak bases produce OH- ions.

Draw an intermolecular force between aldehyde/ketone or carboxylic acid molecules.

Dipole-dipole interactions occur due to the polar nature of the carbonyl group.

Compare the boiling point and water solubility of aldehydes/ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters with alcohols, ethers, and alkanes.

Carboxylic acids have higher boiling points and solubility due to hydrogen bonding, while aldehydes and ketones are less soluble than alcohols but more than alkanes.

What is the structure of the conjugate base of a carboxylic acid dissolved in water?

The conjugate base is formed when the carboxylic acid donates a proton (H+) to water, resulting in a negatively charged carboxylate ion.

What are redox reactions involving hydrocarbon functional groups?

Reactions that involve the transfer of electrons, leading to the oxidation or reduction of organic substrates.

How can you determine if an organic substrate has undergone reduction or oxidation?

By analyzing the changes in oxidation states of the atoms in the substrate.

What is required as an enzyme cofactor in biochemical redox reactions?

NAD+, NADH, FAD, or FADH2 may be required depending on the specific reaction.

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