AP World Time Period 2 Vocab

Henry VIII

King of England from 1509 to 1547. English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

Queen Elizabeth I

This "virgin" queen ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England

Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand

Spanish monarchs who financed Columbus's voyage.

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Edict of Nates

document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots in France

Thirty Years' War

(1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Divine right

Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.

Palace of Versailles

a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Martin Luther

a German who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

95 Theses

It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

Puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

Anglican Church

Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death

Counter-Reformation

Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church

Inquisition

a Church court set up to try people accused of heresy (religious opinions contrary to the Church's principles)

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.

Johannes Gutenberg

Invented the printing press

Protestantism

a form of Christianity that was in opposition to the Catholic Church

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Philosophes

Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time.

Council of Trent

The formal Roman Catholic reply to the doctrinal challenges of the Protestant Reformation

Absolutism

A political system in which a ruler holds total power

Eastern Orthodox Church

Christian followers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); split from Roman Catholic Church and shaped life in eastern Europe and western Asia

Patriarch

male head of family

Holy Synod

The replacement Peter the Great created for the office of Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church.

St. Basil's Cathedral

Cathedral Church built in Moscow by Ivan IV (The Terrible).

St. Petersburg

capital city and major port that Peter the Great established in 1703

Winter Palace

Official residence of Russian monarchs from 1732-1917

Westernization

policy of Peter the Great. Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture

Slavophilism

the idea that Russia should base its development on its own culture and history, rather than upon European or American culture or history

Tsar

The Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word caesar.

Ivan III (The Great)

Prince of the Duchy of Moscow; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of tsar (Caesar).

Kremlin

Citadel of Moscow, housing the offices of the Russian government

Ivan IV (The Terrible)

Ruled from 1533-1584; Was responsible for the death of thousands, including his own son; Created the Oprichnina in order to destroy the Boyars; Believed in a Strong Centralized Government; expanded mostly south.

Siberia

Russia's great frontier region, a vast territory of what is now central and eastern Russia, most of it unsuited to agriculture but rich in mineral resources and fur-bearing animals.

Cossacks

Peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements.

Time of Troubles

Period of political crisis in Russia that followed the demise of the Rurik dynasty (1598) and ended with the establishment of the Romanov dynasty (1613).

Romanov Dynasty

Dynasty that favored the nobles, reduced military obligations, expanded the Russian empire further east, and fought several unsuccessful wars, yet they lasted from 1613 to 1917.

Catherine the Great

Ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, literature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations

Pugachev Rebellion

During 1770's in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossack Emelian Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate tsar; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter

Boyars

Russian landholding aristocrats

Serfdom

Feudal system, the use of serfs to work the land in return for protection against barbarian invasions

Pogroms

Violent attacks by local non-Jewish populations on Jews in the Russian Empire and in other countries

Michael Romanov

The new "Tsar" of Russia after Ivan, he ended the Time of Troubles

Partition of Poland

The splitting up of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria

Ottoman Empire

Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa.

Safavid Dynasty

Originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722.

Mugal Empire

Muslim empire that ruled most of northern India from the mid-1500s to the mid- 1700s; also known as the Mogul or Mongol empire. It was built on the ashes of the Gupta Empire.

Suleyman the Magnificent

Last truly great empire of Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire reached its height, after his death the Ottoman Empire declined.

Ghazi

A warrior for Islam

Ulama

Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238)

Umma

The community of all Muslims

Sharia Law

the system of Islamic law, based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qu'ran

Harem

living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household

Miniature painting

refers to a format of painting associated with manuscripts or books. This format of painting became popular in India during the Mughal period.

Sikhism

the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

Sati

The Indian custom of a widow voluntarily throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband.

Taj Mahal

beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife

Gunpowder Empires

Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.

Mehmed II "The Conqueror"

The Ottoman Sultan responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453 and destroyed what remained of the Byzantine Empire

Topkapi Palace

Political headquarters of the Ottoman Empire, it was located in Istanbul.

Viziers

a high official in some Muslim countries, especially in Turkey under Ottoman rule.

Shah

Persian word for king

Tax farming

To generate money for territorial expansion rulers used new methods to get money like Tribute systems

Askia of Songhai

known as Muhammad Ture Sylla, was an emperor, military commander and political reformer of Songhai empire in late 15th century

Shah Abbas I

Shah of Iran (r. 1587-1629). The most illustrious ruler of the Safavid Empire, he moved the imperial capital to Isfahan in 1598, where he erected many palaces, mosques, and public buildings. (p. 533)

Zamindars

Archaic tax system of the Mughal empire where decentralized lords collected tribute for the emperor.

Devshrime

in the Ottoman Empire, the policy of taking boys from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

Shah Jahan

Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666)

Shah Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death.

Ismail

this man was a ruthless leader of the Safavid Empire who executed all Sunni Muslims in his empire

Isfahan

Capital of the Safavid Empire.

Shah Akbar

Ruler of Mughal empire; believed in cultural relativism, centralizing government, center of divine faith, allowed Hindus to work in government positions

Istanbul

Capital of the Ottoman Empire; named this after 1453 and the sack of Constantinople.

Purdah

Isolation of women in separate quarters

Mumtaz Mahal

Wife of Shah Jahan; took an active political role in Mughal court; entombed in Taj Mahal

Dutch Trading Empire

The Dutch system extending into Asia with fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of a limited number of products.

Sunni

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Shi'a

the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Tributes

wealth sent from one country or ruler to another as a sign that the other is superior

Battle of Chaldiran

16th Century. The Safavids vs the Ottomans; Ottomans won, and this symbolized the two greatest world powers at the time clashing together; religious war (Shi'ites Vs. Sunnis).

Babur

founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530.

Sufis

mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life

Dhimmi

Non-muslims. "protected people". Only had to pay jizya (small tax) and retained personal freedom.

Jizya

Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire

Millet System

Divided regions in the Ottoman Empire by religion (Orthodox Christians, Jews, Armenian Christians, Muslims). Leaders of each millet supported the Sultan in exchange for power over their millet.

Wahhabi Movement

Islamic Reform movement that called for a Return to the purity and simplicity of Muhammad's teaching

Hongwu

first Ming emperor (1368-1403); drove out the Mongols and restored the position of the scholar-gentry.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Daimyo who took control of almost all of Japan

Tokugawa leyasu

One of the three great unifiers that was the successor of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. He claimed the title of shogun in 1603, initiating the most powerful and long-lasting of all Japanese shogunates.

Edo

Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Tokugawa Shogunate

Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences

Daimyo

Japan's large landowners

Qing Dynasty

(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture,