◎ AP world history | unit two

AP world history exam

the three networks of exchange connecting Afro-Eurasia in this period were

the trans-saharan trade route (north africa), the silk road (asia), and the indian ocean trade network

Trade routes increased the demand for ___ goods like silk and porcelain, allowing for the transfer of knowledge and the creation of new ___ cities

luxury, trade

growth and expansion of trade routes gave rise to the ___ Empire, which later broke into ___ after the death of its founder

mongol, khanates

The Networks of Exchange (major trade routes of Afro-Eurasia) led to the spread of belief systems like ___ (East Asia) and ___ (Africa and Asia). Meanwhile, travelers like ___ recorded their experiences.

buddhism, islam, marco polo/ibn battuta/margery kempe

The Networks of exchange led to the diffusion of crops like ___, increasing the population of East Asia, but also the spread of pathogens like the ___

champa rice, bubonic plague

what was the point of caravanserais?

literally called "caravan palaces", these were stations along trade routes that could store goods for merchants and provide overnight protection from bandits

papermaking, gunpowder, and the bubonic plague originated in which region?

east asia (though the bubonic plague also originated from central asia as well)

algebra and astrolabe originated in which region?

the middle east

how did the invention of paper affect the networks of exchange?

paper money revolutionized the methods and means of trade by allowing merchants to no longer have to carry large coins or metals. paper money also allowed trade to flow more expeditiously.

what were the three effects the silk roads had on cities like samarkand and kashgar?

these cities grew into major hubs of trade due to their location on the main trade route of the silk roads in asia and served as centers for cultural diffusion with belief systems, technologies, and other transfers like papermaking increasing amongst citizens.

what was the political impact of the expansion of the mongol empire on the middle east?

the mongol expansion into the middle east led to the end of the abbasid caliphate when baghdad fell in 1258 through hulagu khan's invasion

what was the political impact of the expansion of the mongol empire on russia?

the mongol expansion into eastern europe destroyed the kievan rus, leaving russia to be later ruled by the golden horde

what was the political impact of the expansion of the mongol empire on east asia?

the mongol expansion led to the downfall of both the jin and song dynasties. they were replaced with the mongol yuan dynasty

the mongols followed the ___ to quickly conquer most of asia utilizing horses and ___

the silk roads, gunpowder/arrows

identify one technological and cultural transfer that the mongols encouraged across their vast empire

the mongol empire expanded the size and scope of trade along the silk roads. some technological transfer include gunpowder, the compass, the astrolabe, and astronomy. culturally, they fostered the spread of major belief systems like islam and buddhism, as well as literature and philosophy.

what was the compass/astrolabe's purpose and how did it impact the indian ocean trade?

the compass/astrolabe helped navigators know their location and direction on their journeys. this meant that navigators could more accurately reach their destinations, speeding up the rate of trade along the routes.

what was the sail design's purpose and how did it impact the indian ocean trade?

lateen and other sail innovations allowed for more direct travel and ability to sail directly into the wind. navigators were no longer held at bay by winds and could easily travel windward, speeding up trade

what was a larger ship design's purpose and how did it impact the indian ocean trade?

larger ship designs allowed for more trade volume to be stored on the ship. this meant navigators could carry more goods to and from various ports, speeding up the amount of regional trade

after crossing the sahara desert, ___ was the trade city with most travelers, often traveling in groups known as ___ for safety

timbuktu, caravans

how would advances in technology benefit trans-saharan merchants?

camel saddles played a similar role to larger ship designs for maritime trade. they allowed camel caravans to drastically increase the amount of goods that could be traded along the networks of exchange.

the ___ empire flourished on this route under the leadership of ___. the religion that played the largest role in linking sub-saharan africa to the rest of afro-eurasia was ___

malian, mansa musa, islam

how did buddhism in east asia (A), hinduism/buddhism in southeast asia (B), and islam in sub-saharan africa and asia (C) culturally impact the regions to which they spread?

a. spread across the networks of exchange and became the most important belief system

b. spread from india; first hinduism, then buddhism both laid the cultural foundation

c. culturally tied the sub-saharan world to dar-al islam via the trans-saharan trade

what was the impact of ibn battuta and where did he travel?

traveled to the middle east, central asia, south asia, southeast asia, east asia, north africa, west africa, and east africa. he had the most complete travel log of any traveler of this time and his descriptions of life in africa/asia provided historians with a wealth of information

what was the impact of marco polo and where did he travel?

traveled to europe, middle east, central asia, south asia, and east asia. his accounts of living with the mongols and kublai khan as they ruled over china provided historians with an outsiders account of mongol life in china

identify one way that the growth of these inter-regional trade routes played into the creation of images like the one above

one of the most immediately impactful outcomes of the growth of inter-regional trade in this period was the spread of diseases that killed millions. for example, the bubonic plague--that is referenced in this picture--spread from central/east asia into the rest of afro-eurasia

merchants living far from home would often establish ___ communities where they introduced their culture to new places and were, in turn, impacted by indigenous culture

diasporic

the diffusion of crops like ___ to africa from southeast asia and ___ from china to the rest of afro-eurasia helped increase and diversify caloric intake for these populations

bananas/citrus fruits, new varities of rice (ex. champa rice)

caravanserai

inn or rest station for caravans

diaspora

a community of people who have left their traditional homeland but still remain connected to it, becoming a scattered group across different countries

bubonic plague

a bacterial infection caused by pests/fleas that originated from central/east asia and travelled by trade

champa rice

a quick-maturing, drought resistant rice that can allow two harvests

monsoon winds

a large scale, seasonal shift in wind direction, causing air to blow from the sea to the land in the summer and from the land to the sea in the winter

khanate

a political state of territory ruled by a khan, a supreme mongol leader

money economy

a system where goods and services are exchanged for money instead of bartering

porcelain

expensive ceramic from china

siege of baghdad (1258)

a mongolian army commanded by hulegu that sieged baghdad and collapsed the abbasid caliphate

pax mongolica

a period of peace and stability across the mongol empire, where cultural exchange and economic growth improved through silk road trade and infrastructure. there was also religious tolerance, the establishment of a reliable postal system (the yam), protection of merchants on the silk road, and other technologies such as gunpowder and papermaking

genghis khan

founder of the mongol empire

kublai khan

grandson of genghis khan and most famous for founding the yuan dynasty/conquering the song dynasty in 1279

what time period is unit two?

(c. 1200--c. 1450)