Micro and Infectious diseases exam one

Beneficial activities of microorganisms

-> Food chain participation

->Contribute to medicine

->Good for human microbiome

-> Generates O2 by photosynthesis

Bacteriology

study of bacteria

Mycology

Study of Fungi

Parasitiology

study of disease causing parasites

immunology

study of the immune system and its response

virology

study of viruses

Bacteria MAJOR characteristics

-> Prokaryotes

->Unicellular

-> Cell wall made out of peptidoglycan

-> Asexual reproduction

->Metabolism (chemotrophs and phototrophs)

->Sometimes motile

->Can be pathogenic

Archaea MAJOR characteristics

->Prokaryotes

->Cell wall (no pg) S-layer made of protein or glycoprotein subunites

->Asexual reproduction

->Metabolism (chemotrohphs and phototrophs)

->Sometimes motile

->Not pathogenic

Fungi MAJOR characteristics

->Eukaryotes

->Unicellular or multicellular

->Cell walls-> Chitin

->Sexual or asexual reproduction

->Metabolism (chemotrophs)

->No motility

-> Can be pathogenic

Algae MAJOR characteristics

->Eukaryotes

->Unicellular or multicellular

->Cell walls->Cellulose

->Asexual or sexual reproduction

->Metabolism (phototroph)

->Sometimes motile

-> Not pathogenic

Protozoa MAJOR characteristics

->Eukaryotes

->Unicellular

->No cell walls

-> Asexual or sexual reproduction

->Sometimes motile

->Pathogenic

-> The worm ;(

Parasitic worms MAJOR characteristics

->Eukaryotes

->Multicellular

->No cell walls

->Sexual and asexual reproduction

->Sometimes motile

->Pathogenic

Viruses MAJOR characteristics

->no domain

->Aceullular

->no cell wall

->reproduce within a host

->no independent metabolism

->no motility

->very pathogenic

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

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Cell theory

Fundamental biological principle that states all living organisms are made of cells, cell is the basic unit of life and all cells arise from pre-existing cells

Spontaneous Generation

Long held but ultimately disproven belief that living organisms could arise spontaneously from non-living matter

Biogenesis

the scientific principle that living organisms come only from other living organisms

Fermentation

Biochemical process used by organisms to convert carbohydrates into energy and bi-products such as alcohol and lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

Pasteurization

treating a substance with heat to kill or slow the growth of pathogens

Robert Hooke

Came up with cell theory

Van Leeuwenhoek

First to see organisms under a microscope

Pasteur

disproved spontaneous generation and also contributed to the rabies and anthrax vaccine development

Koch

German medical doctor that confirmed germ theory of disease and created kosh's postulates

Linnaeus

Developed bionomical nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms

Woese

Defined the domain archaea

Fleming

discovered penicillin

Koch's Postulates

1. same organism must be present in every case of the disease but not present in healthy individuals

2. organism must be isolated from the diseased host and grown as a pure culture

3. Isolated organism should cause the disease in question when inoculated into a susceptible host

4. the organism must be reisolated from the diseased animal

Prokaryotic Organisms

All unicellular and lack a nucleus, usually one circular chromosome, no histones or membrane bound organelles, divide by binary fission

Eukaryotic Organisms

->Unicellular or multicellular

->Contain a distinct Nucleus

->Paired linear chromosomes

->Histones

->Membrane bound organelles

->Polysaccharide cell walls

->Divide by mitosis

Gram positive vs Gram Negative Bacteria

-> Gram positive: Thick PG layer, higher resistance to drying but more susceptible to PG-targeting antibodies. Stains as purple

->Gram negative: Thinner layer of PG and outer membrane. Provides more protection from antibiotics but it is more susceptible to drying out

Endosymbiotic Theory of Evolution

Explains the origins of eukaryotes. Larger bacteria cell engulfed smaller bacterial cells, developing the first eukaryotic cell. Nucleus formed as infoldings of plasma membrane enclosed the chromosomes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble bacteria.

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Flagella

Prokaryotic: Made out of flagellin

Eukaryotic: Long projects, few in number and made out of microtubules

Peptidoglycan

Cell wall of prokaryotes, but NOT ARCHAEA. Made of a sugar polymer (NAM and NAG) and polypeptide. PG strands run parallel around the circumference and are cross-linked by covalent peptide bonds. These function as the cell walls of the bacterial cells

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Molecule that makes up the outer layer of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Facilitates surface recognition and virulence. Made out of an O-specific polysaccharide, core polysaccharide and a lipid at the end. An endotoxin is a toxic component of LPS

Gram Stain procedure

Take a heat fixed smear and dye it with crystal violet, add iodine, add acetone/decolorizing solution then counter stain with Serafin.

Cell Walls of Bacteria

Protect the cells, made of high PG or low PG and LPS

Capsules of Bacteria

Not present in every bacterial species and are external to the cell wall. They are used for adherence, protection from drying, aids in biofilm formation and may protect against antibiotics and disinfectants. Mainly made out of carbohydrates

Bacterial Flagella

Not present in every bacterial species. Motility structure embedded in the plasma membrane. Works like a rotary propeller. Composed of flagellin

Bacteria Fimbria

Short, bristle like fibers that are used for adherence. Made out of proteins

Bacterial Pili

Longer, more ridged fibers that are used for adherence. May facilitate generic exchange and may twitch for mobility. Composed of proteins

Endospores

Produced when growth conditions are poor. They aid in survival and dispersion. Very difficult to destroy

Monotrichous

Single flagella at one end

Amphitrichous

Single flagella at each end

petrichous

Flagella distributed all over the cell surface

Lophotrichous

cluster of flagella at one or both ends

Swimming mobility

Powered by rotary flagella

Twitching mobility

Jerky, surface based movement powered by the extension and retraction of pili to pull the cell forwards

Gliding Mobility

Smooth surface translocation that does not use flagella or pili but involves other motor complexes and sometimes even the secretion of slime to move across a surface

Vegetative Cells Vs Endospores

Endospores produced when growth conditions are poor. They aid in survival and overall dispersal. Vegetative cells are still metabolically active and have a higher water concentration. They are also more susceptible to environmental damage

Typical structure of Archaea

Vary in size, can either be cocci, rods or branched, can also be filamentous. Includes Hamis, pilis, cell envelopes, plasma membrane, plasmids, ribosomes and cytoplasm

Cell envelope of Archaea

S-layer is often the only component outside of the plasma membrane

S-Layer

Polycrystalline array of protein or glycoprotein subunits. It is external to the cell membrane and supports shape, protects from lysis, facilitates cell surface interactions, adhesion and even protects from hosts defenses

Archaels cytoplasmic membrane vs Bacteria/Eukarya

There are ether linkages in the phospholipids where there are ester linkages in the phospholipids in bacteria. Archaeal lipids have isoprenes instead of fatty acids in their membrane. The major lipids are phosphoglycerol

Archaeal vs bacterial flagella

Archaeal flagella still used for overall motility. Made out of proteins that closely resemble type IV polo. Thinner than bacterial flagella and not hollow. Generally swim slower than bacteria

Pseudomurein cell wall in some archaea

Resembles PG in bacteria. Mostly found in methanogens. Alternating NAG and NAT. Can function as the primary cell wall providing protection

Archaeal Pili

Not very wall understood but assumed to be similar to bacterial pili

cannulae (archaea)

Hallow, like straps that connect daughter cells. Intracellular communication and potential exchange of nutrients/genetic material

Hami

Also not well understood. Appear as hooks

Archaella

Archeael flagella: Functions for motility

Nucleus:

membrane-bound organelle that contains cells DNA. Acts as a command center, storying genetic information and controlling cellular activities

Mitochondria

Double-membrane bound organelle. Generates ATP, main energy through cellular respiration

Chloroplasts

Found in a plant cell. Double membrane bound organelle containing chlorophyll piments and structures called thylakoids arranged into Grana. Captures sunlight and uses it for photosynthesis

Ribosomes

Complex made of rRNA and protein synthesis of proteins by translation w/ RNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of membrane forming tubules and sheets connected to the outer nuclear envelope. RER or SER. RER synthesizes and folds proteins. SER has lips and acids. Transport via vesicles

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies/sorts and packages proteins and lipids synthesized by the ER for secretion or delivery to organelles

Lysosomes

membrane bound vesicles. contain digestive enzymes to break down waster materials, cellular debris and unwanted substances within the cell

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein fibers such as microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments that are distributed throughout the cytoplasm

Fungi

Kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that include yeasts, molds and mushrooms. Hetertrophs and can absorb nutrients from the environment. Can appear as unicellular or multicellular

Yeast

Microscopily single celled fungus that reproduces asexually by budding

Mold

Multicellular fungus that grows in the form of long threat like filaments called hypahe

Thallas

Vegetative body of a fungus, which is not differentiated. Does not grow from a certain point

Mycliam

Mass of hypa. It is responsible for absorbing nutrients. Branching filaments that form the main body of the fungus

Hypha

Single, tubular filament of cells that make up the mycellium. Extend by growing tips

Condia

Asexual nonmotile spores produced by many fungi. Serve as primary means of propigation and dispersal

Ascus

A sac-like cell that contains haploid ascospores

Ascospores

Sexual spores protected inside a sac. After nuclear fission and meoisis, the ascus typically contains eight genetically different ascopores

Basidiospores

Sexual spores produced externally on a club-shaped cell called a basidum. Spores are characteristic of the phylum Basidiomycota which includes mushrooms

zygospores

thick walled, diploid spores formed by he fusion of two haploid cells during sexual reproduction in certain fungi and alagae

plasmogamy

stage in sexual reproduction when the cytoplasm of the parent cell fuses. thing bring two haploid nuclei into the same cell, but the nuclei themselves do not immediately infuse

Karyogamy

Final step in the sexual fusion of fungi cells, involving the fusion of the two haploid nuclei brought together. This process creates the zygote

Asexual fungi

Produced via mitosis and cell division

->Conidiospore: not enclosed in a sack

->arthoconida: Fragmentation of septic hypae

->Blastoconida: Buds of parent cell

->Chlanydoconide: Spores with a hypael segment

->Sporanyispore: enclosed in a sac

Sexual spores Fungi

From the fusion of nuclei from two separate mating strands. Occurs in three stages

->Plasmogamy: Haploid donor nuclear penetrates the cytoplasm of the recipient cells

->Karyogamy: Nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote

->Meiosis: Diploid nucleus produces haploid daughter cells

Medically Important Fungi

Mucoromyota:

-> Produced asexually: spoangiospore

->Produced Sexually: Zygospores

Microsporidia:

-> Produced asexually: Spoangiospore

-> Not produced sexually

Asxonycota

-> Produced asexually: conidiospore

-> Produced sexually: achospore

Basidiomycota

->Produced asexually: condiospores

->produced sexually: basidospore

Yeasts vs molds vs dimorphic fungi

->Yeasts: Single cellular organisms that primarily reproduce by budding, where a new cell grows from a parent cell

-> Mold: Multicellular forming a mass of branching, thread-like filaments called hypae and reproduces using spores

->Dimorphic Fungi: Exhibit two different forms during their life cycle, yeast or mold. Typically grows into yeast inside its host organism

How do hypae and spores relate to fungal growth

Hypae are long, branching filaments that form the bulk of the mold's body. It is critical for growth and nutrient absorption

Spores: Reproductive cells that are produced by molds

Methods commonly used to identify fungal isolates

Morpology: Colony morphology and microscopic morphology

Defining Characteristics of protozoa

The first animal and a unicellular eukaryote. They have complex life cycles and animal like nutrition.

Schizogony

asexual reproduction by multiple fission, found in some protozoa, especially parasitic sporozoans. Nucleus divides multiple times before the cell itself divides. Results in the formation of numerous daughter cells within the original mother cell

Protozoan conjugation

A form of sexual reproduction of certain protozoa that involves the temporary fusion of two cells. During this conjugation, the two organisms exchange micronuclei, which contains genetic material

Cyst

A resistant, inactive and dormant stage in the life cycle of many protozoa. Thick protective wall that allows the organism to survive harsh environmental conditions outside of the host

Oocyst

A thick walled, environmentally resistant stage that is a result of sexual reproductions in certain parasitic protozoa. It is formed after the fertilization of gametes. It is shed in the feces of the infected host

Trophozoite

active, motile, feeding stage of protozoa. It is motile, consumes nutrients and reproduces asexually

Medically Relevant Protozoa

All characterized by their mobility

-> Amoeba: Dseudopods

->Flagellates: Flagellum Plural

->Cillia: Cilia

->Apicompleka: No obvious motility structures

Protozoa

A diverse group of single celled eukaryotic organisms.

Helminth

A general term for a parasitic worm. They are large multicellular vertebrates that are visible to the naked eye in their adult form

Dioecious

Describes a species in which individuals have either male or female reproduce parts, but not both

Monoecious

Describes a species in which both male and female reproductive organs are found on the same individual

Scolex

the anterior end of a tapeworm, bearing suckers and hooks for attachment. ew ew ew ew ew

Proglottid

Segment like divisions that make up a tapeworms body. Each is a reproductive unit containing both male and female sex organs

Strobile

Entire segmented body of a tapeworm which consists of a chain of proglottids