Nutr 366- Lab 2

efferent fibers

carry information from the CNS to the body

efferent= exiting

afferent fiber

carry information from the body to the CNS

afferent= arriving

peripheral nervous system

cranial nerves, ganglia, and spinal nerves

CNS

brain and spinal cord

afferent includes

special senses and general sensations

efferent include

voluntary and involuntary reactions

path for blood in the heart

vena cava to right atrium/ventricle to pulmonary artery (deoxygenated) to lungs to pulmonary vein to heart to aorta to body

superior vena cava

carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body back to the heart

inferior vena cava

carries deoxygenated blood form the lower body back to the heart

aorta

carries oxygenated blood fro the heart to the lungs

pulmonary artery

carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

pulmonary vein

carries oxygenated blood fro the lungs to the heart

vertebral column components

26 bones

sacrum and coccyx

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal

typical features of a vertebrae

vertebral body, vertebral canal, spinous process, transverse process, pedicle, and lamina

# of cervical bones and general location

7 and inferior spine

cervical bone defining features

smallest of vertebrae

transverse foramen (small holes)

bifid (end the looks like a T)

C1

Atlas

articulates with occipital bone of skull

ring shaped because no spinous process or vertebral body

C2

axis

vertebral body has an extra protrusion superiorly (odontoid process or dens)

C2- dens axis

only on axis

where axis and atlas articulate

number of thoracic and general location

12

connected to ribs and in middle of spine

defining features of thoracic vertebrae

superior costal facet and transverse costal facet

long and angular spinous process

medium size

thoracic vertebrae- superior costal facet

indention next to the body

thoracic vertebrae- transverse costal facet

indention on the left and right extensions

number of lumbar and general location

5

near tail bone

lumbar vertebrae

massive b/c weight bearing

big, bulky, and chunky

sacral and coccygeal #

fused together

5 and 3-4

sacrum defining feature

foramina lining outsides where nerves come through

sacral ileum (ridge on the outside)

rib pairs and #

7 true ribs (1-7)- connect directly to sternum

5 false rubs (8-12)- doesn’t connect directly to sternum

2 floating ribs (11-12)- don’t connect to sternum

articulation of ribs

head with the body of thoracic vertebra

tubercle with transverse process of a thoracic vertebra

sternum consist of…

manubrium

sternal angle

body of sternum

xiphoid process

sternum- manubrium

jugular notch

clavicular notch

sternal angle

2nd rib articulates here

T4 vertebral level

skull

8 cranial bones

14 facial bones

cranial bones

frontal bones

2 parietal bones- side bits

2 temporal bones

occipital- big one in the back

sphenoid

ethmoid

facial bones

2 nasal

inferior nasal concha

2 lacrimal- tear ducts

2 palatine

vomer

2 zygomatic- cheek bone

2 maxilla- top jaw

mandible- bottom jaw

upper extremity

pectoral girdle- clavicle and scapula

arm- humerus

forearm- radius and ulna

scapula

lies posterolateral aspect of thorax

overlaying 2nd-7th ribs

scapula landmarks- acromion

where it meets the clavicle

lateral posterior portion

scapula landmarks- coracoid process

hook-like anterior projection serving as an attachment point for muscles

scapula landmarks- spine

A prominent transverse ridge on the posterior surface divides it into upper and lower fossae

sternum landmark- glenoid cavity

articulates with the head of the humerus

humeral head

looks more like a ball

capitulum and trochlea

ridges on inferior side of humerus

olecranon fossa

humerus posterior indention

hook that make the elbow

radius head

thicker end is inferior

ulna head

thicker end is superior

radial styloid process

inferior part of radius

knob part of the bone on the lateral side of wrist (by the thumb)

ulna styloid process

inferior part of ulna

knob part of the bone on medial side of the wrist (by the pinky)

ulna olecranon

prominent point tip of the elbow

ulna coronoid process

Bony projection at the superior, anterior part of the ulna that forms part of the elbow joint and acts as a key

ulna trochlear notch

large, C-shaped depression located on the proximal end

metacarpal bones

palm

5

phalangeal bones

fingers

carpal bones

in-between metacarpals and phalangeal

carpal bones pneumonic

So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb

proximal row lateral to medial, distal row medial to lateral

carpal bones order

proximal row, lateral to medial- scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

distal row medial to lateral- hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

pelvis ilium- iliac crest

what you can feel

pelvis ilium- anterior superior iliac spine

prominent bony bump that sticks out at the front and upper part of your hip

pelvic ilium- posterior superior iliac spine

a bony projection located at the rear end of the iliac crest on the upper part of the pelvic ilium bone

pelvic ilium- anterior inferior iliac spine

a prominent bony projection located on the anterior border of the ilium,

directly above the hip socket (acetabulum

pelvic ilium- posterior inferior iliac spine

a small bony projection located on the psoterior border of the ilium

lower extremities is composed of

hip joint, thigh, knee joint, leg, ankle joint, and foot

femur head

bulb like projection that fits into hip joint

femur neck

connects shaft and head

femur greater trochanter

a large bony prominence located on the upper, lateral side of the proximal femur

femur lesser tochanter

a small bony bump projecting from the back and inner side of the upper femur where the neck and shaft meet

femur linea aspera

a longitudinal crest located on the posterior surface of the femur shaft

femur medial and lateral condyles

large, rounded articular prominences at the distal end of the femur that form the lower part of the knee joint

femur medial and lateral epicondyles

bony prominences located on the outer non-articular surfaces just above the knee joint

tibia tuberosity

the raised bony bump on the front of your shinbone just below your kneecap

tibia lateral and medial condyles

two large, rounded bumps at the proximal end of the tibia that help form the knee joint

tibia medial malleolus

prominent bony bump on the inner (medial) side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the shinbone

Tibia

weight bearing shin bone

medial side

fibula

non-weight bearing

lateral side

fibula head

proximal shape of the fibula

more rounded than distal end

fibula lateral malleolus

the bony knob on the outer side of the ankle formed by the lower end of the fibula

ankle and foot bones

7 tarsal bones

5 metatarsals

14 phalanges

different toe phalange number

big toe has 2- proximal, distal

rest have 3- proximal, middle, distal

x-rays scan

very dense substances block x-rays and appear white on film

different tissues create different film colors

mainly used to see bones and detect cancer

ct scan

3D image

used for bones and soft tissues

more powerful than x-rays

360 degree image

MRI scans

3D image

used mainly for spine, brain, muscles, abdomen, and neck

cross image

uses powerful magnetic and radio wave

x-ray densities

black- air and fat

grey- fluid, soft tissue

white- dye, calcium, bone, teeth, metal

CT scan densities

black- air and fat

grey- fluid, soft tissue

white- dye, calcium, bone, metal, acute blood