APUSH Test 2 - Jacksonian America and Market Revolution

What is the structure of our Congress?

Bicameral (two chamber) legislature 

What are the two chambers of our legislature?

House of Representatives and the Senate 

How is the House of Representatives structured?

each state receives representation in line with its population ; larger population = more representatives

(Directly elected)

How is the Senate structured? 

each state receives 2 senators regardless of population

(Indirectly elected) 

What is a bill? 

An idea for a law 

Who can propose a bill? 

Both the House of Representatives and the Senate 

What needs to happen for a bill to pass and become a law?

A majority vote from both chambers (50% + 1) 

What is the president allowed to do in regard to bills becoming laws?

He can veto them

What does veto mean? 

To reject 

If the president vetoes a bill, what can Congress do to still pass it? 

get a supermajority (2/3) vote from both chambers (very difficult)

What is the two step process candidates go through for presidency? 

• Popular Vote

• Electoral Vote

What is the popular vote? 

eligible voters cast their ballot for their selected candidate

What is the electoral vote? 

whichever candidate won the state’s popular vote received the state’s electoral votes

What is the formula to calculate the electoral votes? 

Electoral votes = # of representatives (depends on population of state) + # of Senators (2)

What system is associated with Henry Clay? 

Henry Clay’s American System

What are the main parts of the American system?

• Protective Tariffs (stimulate American manufacturing)

• Internal improvements (stimulate economic growth)

• Federal funding for roads and canals (tie the country together physically) 

What is a protective tariff? 

makes American goods cheaper to Americans in comparison to other countries (mainly Britain) ; encourages American manufacturing

When was the protective tariff passed? What did it show? 

• Tariff passed in 1816

• Shows American solidarity (even farmers agreed ; helped in building American industry) 

Who opposed the protective tariffs? Why?

• by 1820, politicians from Southern and Western agricultural states were opposed

• The hard economic reality was that farmers were suffering

When was the tariff defeated/renewed? Why was it renewed?

• Defeated in 1820 

• Renewed in 1824 and 1828 

• Because it had the support of a new Congress 

What groups supported the internal improvements led by Clay? Why?  

• High support among Nationalist Democratic-Republicans and Western Congressmen

• They want federally funded roads to connect themselves to the east coast

What group was weary of the internal improvements led by Clay? What specifically scared them? Why?

• Old Jeffersonian style Democratic Republicans

• They worried about expanding the federal government’s power to fund and build infrastructure

• Government had too much power (slippery slope) ; the government will never stop doing what they want if we let them

When was the internal improvements bill passed by Congress? Who vetoed it?

• passed in 1817

• vetoed by President Madison

What did the veto cause some states (like NY) to do? 

they went forward anyway with state funded projects 

What are state funded internal improvement projects? What is an example of one? 

• means there is no federal help 

• Hudson River —> Lake Erie called Eerie Canal

What was the issue that proposed the Missouri Compromise?

Missouri wanted to apply for statehood but this threatened the even 11 free/11 slave states that America had at this point. Missouri becoming a state would cause a imbalance on either side that would give an unfair advantage.

Who brokered the Missouri Compromise? When?

• Henry Clay (great compromiser)

• 1820

What did the Missouri Compromise entail? 

1) Missouri would enter the union as a slave state

2) Maine (previously part of Massachusetts) would also enter, as a free state

3) Any new rates created from the Louisiana Purchase, and north of Missouri’s southern border, would have to enter the union as free states

Understand map that shows the Missouri Compromise “line”: 

What effects did the Missouri Compromise have?

• Established the precedent that slavery could expand westward 

• Established the precedent that Congress could regulate its expansion 

• The Tallmadge Amendment (did not work; said Missouri would join as a free state) and the Missouri Compromise energized the abolitionist movement in the North 

What is the “short-term” evaluation on the Missouri Compromise?

prevented conflict between the North and South for the next three decades; allowed the US to focus on other important issues 

What is the “long-term” evaluation on the Missouri Compromise?

didn’t provide an answer to the underlying moral question of slavery; merely kicked the can down the road as a problem for future generations to deal with 

What is a loan? 

a sum of money that is borrowed from a lender (bank, credit union, individual) that must be repaid over time with added interest

What is interest? 

the cost of borrowing money or the profit earned from lending or investing it, typically expressed as a percentage of the principal amount.

What is a depositor?

people with money stored in a bank

What is a debtor?

people who took out loans

What is a foreclosure?

bank seizes whatever assets you have (farm/business) to repay the loan

What was the National Bank intended to do? 

would be great for stimulating economic growth since people are helped to buy land and start businesses

Who supported the idea of a National Bank? What was there argument for it? 

• Nationalists such as Alexander Hamilton and Henry Clay

• They felt that it could provide loans for big business projects and loan money to US government for large public expenses

Who opposed the idea of a National Bank? What was their argument against it? 

• The Democratic Republicans

• They felt that such a bank was unconstitutional and it would concentrate too much economic power in the hands of the government (banks were not in the constitution) 

What is debtor’s prison?

American law allowed states to jail people for failing to pay their loans 

What was the Panic of 1819?

• Due to troubling economic trends, the Bank of the US begins calling in loans it had given out to smaller, local banks

• Smaller banks call in loans from farmers, business men, etc..

• Led to many foreclosures because people didn’t have the money to pay back their loans

• Farmers lost their land, urban workers lost jobs, banks began to close

What were the short term economic effects of the Panic of 1819?

Unemployment, bank failures, bankruptcies, poverty, debtor’s prison

What are the long term economic effects? 

newly franchised voters as a result of states trying to calm angry citizens, distrust of banks, rise of Jacksonian democracy

Andrew Jackson was the first US president from truly _____ origins

humble

Where did Jackson’s family come from?

Scots-Irish immigrant family on NC/SC border

When was Jackson born? Orphaned?

• Born 1767

• Orphaned at age 14 (Dad - farming accident ; Brother - British army ; Mother - disease) 

Where did Jackson move and what was his profession? 

• Moved west to Tennessee

• Became a lawyer

What political positions did Jackson serve as? Why did he resign?

• Tennessee Representative and Senator

• Resigned from both posts after he grew restless 

What was Jackson’s true calling? What did he command? What nickname was he given?

• Found true calling in the military

• Commanded campaign against Native tribes in the south ; commanded the defense of New Orleans in 1815

• Old Hickory (tough tree)

True or False: Jackson’s own wealth was threatened by the Panic of 1819.

True

What is a corrupt bargain?

using a position of power/higher social class towards someone’s advantage in making a morally corrupt deal.

How did the corrupt bargain between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay work? 

John Quincy Adams needed the House of Representatives to switch over to him for him to win the electoral vote and presidency. He went to Henry Clay, a fellow nationalist, and promised him Secretary of State if Clay got the House of Representatives to vote for him. Clay agreed which led to JQ Adam’s winning. 

What was the effect of the corrupt bargain made between JQ Adams and Henry Clay?

• Jackson wanted revenge and began to campaign for 1828 election

• Jackson’s supported screeched about JQA’s various moral failings ; Adams’ National republicans accused Jackson of being crude, violent, and prone to tyranny

• During JQ Adams presidency, the Democratic Republican Party’s factions finally split into opposing parties (National Republicans and Democratic Republicans) 

What were the National Republicans? Democratic Republicans?

• National Republicans: led by President John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay 

• Democratic Republicans: Jefferson’s old party, now with a Jacksonian twist 

How was Jackson a new kind of candidate?

Jackson was known for being a war hero rather than political expert; successfully appealed to the hearts and emotions of the common voter (was one of them)

How was Jackson part of a new kind of campaign?

election of 1828 brutal and vicious, but it also attracted huge interest, with double the number of eligible voters actually casting a ballot

What is the spoils system?

it’s a reward type system (as a thank you for supporting me, you will now get a position of power/something in return; doesn’t matter if you are qualified)

How did Jackson have a different relationship with vetoing vs previous presidents? 

• Previous presidents didn’t veto very many bills, since bills passed by Congress represented the will of the people (or their elected representatives)

• Jackson felt that he was also the people’s representative, and that it was his duty to veto legislation that he felt was harmful to the nation

How did Jackson veto bills? 

Jackson vetoed bills on the grounds that they were bad policies rather than unconstitutional policies 

How did Jackson feel about the Bank of the United States?

Jackson and many of his supporters fundamentally mistrusted the Bank for.. 

• being to large 

• having too much power over the economy 

• giving too much influence to wealthy private investors 

What did Jackson do to the bank renewal act?

Vetoed the bill immediately and without hesitation

How did Jackson make sure the Bank of the US died before another attempt could be made to save it?

Jackson ordered all of its funds removed from the Bank and relocated to smaller banks run by allies of Jackson (pet banks)

What was the Nullification Crisis?

the feud that was brewing between Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature over the overpriced and overdone tariffs that were hitting them.

What were the origins of the Nullification Crisis? 

The southern hated the Tarriff of 1828 (also nicknamed “Tariff of Abominations”) because it raised tariffs by 35-40% on foreign manufactured goods

What were 3 reasons why Southerners hated the Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)? 

1) Southern states relied on cheap European manufactured goods 

2) Worried about the federal government’s growing interference in the economy (slavery) 

3) John C. Calhoun’s pamphlet The South Carolina Exposition (1828)

Due to these issues, what did South Carolina threaten to do?

Secede from the union

How did Jackson originally want to deal with South Carolina’s threat?

to respond with force, saying in private that he’d like to march down to SC and hang every last one of the Nullies (union or death) 

Who helped come up with a more peaceful solution? What was the outcome? 

• Henry Clay (great compromiser)

• “Compromise Tariff of 1832” which was passed alongside the “Force Act”

What did the Compromise of 1832 do? 

lowered the tariff enough to appease the South Carolinians 

What did the Force Act allow?

authorized future presidents to use army and navy to collect tariff fees (not attacking states rights, drawing a line (NO SECESSION!) 

Why did the Whig Party emerge?

after Henry Clay and the National Republicans had failed to defeat Jackson in the election of 1832, the party quickly dissolved and remembered under this new name which was derived by an Old British group who had opposed the king’s power

What was the Whig party? 

A diverse group bound together by their shared hatred of Jackson 

Who was apart of the Whig Party?

• Henry Clay and supporters of his American System (Bank, Tariff, Internal Improvements)

• Northern manufacturers and merchants, supporters of market economy

• Even a few Southerners who didn’t like his ”betrayal” of states’ rights on the tariff issue

How was America, economically, before the Market Revolution? 

• Thousands of small and mostly disconnected local economies

• People grew and made what they needed and got the rest from neighbors  

How was America, economically, after the Market Revolution? 

• a large, integrated, “national” (american) economy

• America plugged into an even wider international economy

• Goods brought and sold across huge distances

What is mechanization?

the introduction of machines or automatic devices into a process, activity, or place 

Industrial Mechanization:

steam powered factory production

Agricultural Mechanization:

cotton gin, McCormick reaper

Transportation Mechanization:

canals, steamboats, railroads

What are interchangeable parts? 

products made up of individual and identical parts that would be produced by a specialized machine, assembled by a single worker, and replaced easily

What was the Cotton Gin? Who made it? When was it made?

• Replaced the laborious time consuming process of removing seeds from raw cotton by making harvesting cotton more lucrative and more efficient 

• Eli Whitney 

• 1820s 

What was the Steel Plow? Who made it? When was it made?

• helped farmers to churn up the tough but fertile soil of Midwest (strong but light enough to be pulled by horses instead of oxen) 

• John Deere 

• 1837 

What was the Mechanical Reaper? Who made it? When was it made?

• streamlined the process of harvesting crops from the field, reduced need for labor

• Cyrus McCormick

• 1845

What is the Eerie Canal?

Connected Hudson River —> Atlantic Ocean —> Lake Eerie + other Great Lakes (state funded) 

What was the Canal Craze?

many states decided to start using/building canals since they allowed steamboats to travel between unconnected rivers and lakes (unbroken water circuit) 

What were the railroad development patterns?

Started out regional, but then became national as people started to see that it was a more efficient mode of transport compared to canals

What were the economic changes as a result of Market Revolution?

• furthered the economic specialization of different American regions (south and west agricultural produced food was able to be sent to factories in the north) 

• people’s economic livelihoods and day to day needs were increasingly ruled by the interaction between supply, demand, and price (supply: how much of a product can be produced/transported ; demand: how much of a product people want/need/willing to buy ; price: how much people will pay for product - depends on supply and demand) 

• economic interaction becomes less local, less personal (produced things for people they’d never meet, bought from places they’d never visit) 

• tied American producers and consumers together and linked the, all to a growing international market 

What were the Five Civilized Tribes? Who did it include. 

• Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole

• were perceived as more progressive in their practices and how they interacted with the colonists, making them more “civilized” in their eyes.

What was the Anti-Masonic Party?

set opposite the “secret” society, the Masonic Order, the Anti-Mosanic party was created in Hew York circa 1826. It spread to New England and the mid-Atlantic in 1832, and opposed Andrew Jackson (a mason), gaining support from evangelical Protestants.

What was the Trail of Tears?

lasting from 1838-1839, 15 thousand Cherokee Indians were forced to march from their Alabama and Georgia homes to the newly set Indian Territory. 4 thousand out of the original amount ended up dying on the terrible journey.

What was the Panic of 1837? 

this economic crisis was the result of many bank failures, elevated grain prices (inflated), and Jackson trying to stop people from investigating too much on on the new western lands and transportation improvements. The “Divorce Bill” was the resolution.