range of motion

range of motion

the movement of a joint to the extent possible without causing pain

ROM exercises

involve moving the joints through their complete range of motion

active ROM exercises

done by the person

passive ROM (PROM) exercises

a health care member moves the joints

active-assistive ROM exercises

the person does the exercises with some help

flexion

bending a body part

extension

straightening a body part

hyperextension

excessive straightening of a body part

dorsiflexion

bending the toes and foot up at the ankle

plantar flexion

bending the foot down at the ankle

abduction

moving a body part away from the midline

adduction

moving a body part toward the midline

rotation

turning the joint around an axis

circumduction

moving a part to follow a circular path

internal rotation

turning the joint inward

external rotation

turning the joint outward

supination

turning the joint upward

pronation

turning the joint downward

eversion

turning the foot to face outward

inversion

turning the foot to face inward

protraction

moving a part forward

retraction

moving a part backward

elevation

raising a part

depression

lowering a part

shoulder: flexion

raise the arm straight up in front and over the head

shoulder: extension

bring the arm down

shoulder: hyperextension

move the arm behind the body

shoulder: abduction

move the straight arm away from the side of the body

shoulder: adduction

move the straight arm to the side of the body

shoulder: external rotation

bend the elbow; place it at the same level as the shoulder; move the forearm and hand pointed up

shoulder: internal rotation

move the forearm and hand pointed down

elbow: flexion

bend the arm so the same-side shoulder is touched

elbow: extension

straighten the arm

forearm: pronation

turn the hand so the palm is down

forearm: supination

turn the hand so the palm is up

wrist: flexion

bend the hand down

wrist: extension

straighten the hand

wrist: hyperextension

bend the hand back

wrist: radial flexion

turn the hand toward the thumb

wrist: ulnar flexion

turn the hand toward the pinky

thumb: abduction

move the thumb out from the inner part of the index finger

thumb: adduction

move the thumb back next to the index finger

thumb: opposition

touch each fingertip with the thumb

thumb: flexion

bend the thumb into the hand

thumb: extension

move the thumb out to the side of the fingers

fingers: abduction

spread the fingers apart

fingers: adduction

bring the fingers together

fingers: flexion

make a fist

fingers: extension

straighten the fingers so that the fingers, hand, and arm are straight

hip: flexion

raise the leg

hip: extension

straighten the leg

hip: hyperextension

move the leg behind the body (if the person is standing)

hip: abduction

move the leg away from the body

hip: adduction

move the leg toward the other leg

hip: internal rotation

the leg inward

hip: external rotation

turn the leg outward

knee: flexion

bend the knee

knee: extension

straighten the knee

ankle: dorsiflexion

pull the foot upward; push down on the heel at the same time

ankle: plantar flexion

turn the foot down

foot: pronation

turn the outside of the foot up and the inside down

foot: supination

turn the inside of the foot up and the outside down

toes: flexion

curl the toes

toes: extension

straighten the toes

toes: abduction

spread the toes

toes: adduction

pull the toes together