[Test1] Oral Health and General Health - What are the connections?

Theory linking oral conditions and general bdoy health first formulated in the early 20th century but now discredited was known as:

A. Toxic theory evolution

B. Focal infection

C. Oral sepsis body management

D. Septic focus

During which period did evidence from scientific studies begin to emerge suggesting links between, particularly, periodontal disease and general health conditions?

A. Prior to 1890s
B. Mid 1950s
C. Early 1970s
D. Late 1980s and early 1990s

Which of the following is NOT a feature of periodontal disease?

A. Causes tooth loss
B. Is comparative rare in western populations
C. Reduces chewing function
D. Leads to social inequality

What percentage of the population aged 65 years and older had moderate or severe periodontitis according to the 2009/2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycle in the United States?

A. 64%
B. 27%
C. 55%
D. The percentage was so low it was not recorded

The associations between periodontitis and various general health conditions seem to have a common factor of which of the following?

A. Social status
B. Inflammation
C. Health care provider
D. Blood pressure

Studies have shown that in patients with diabetes mellitus, periodontitis:

A. Reduces the systemic burden of inflammation
B. Increase pancreatic β-cell function and insulin resistance
C. Increases the risk of poor glycaemic control
D. Shows no direct or dose-dependent relationship between periodontitis severity and diabetes complications

The evidence from intervention studies that periodontal treatment reduces systemic inflammation as evidenced by oxidative stress, leading to improvements of measures of vascular endothelial function is:

A. Categorical
B. Strong
C. Non-existent
D. Moderate

In clinical studies, which of the following have all been associated with the presence of periodontitis in the mother, when all other risk factors have been accounted for?

A. Low birth weight
B. Pre-term birth
C. Pre-eclampsia
D. All of the above.

For which of the following diseases/conditions have periodontal diseases NOT been associated to date?

A. Chronic obstructive airways disease
B. Chronic kidney disease
C. Post-traumatic stress disorder
D. Rheumatoid arthritis

The condition Ludwig's angina most usually follows from:

A. Deep scaling in periodontal treatment
B. Periapical infection as a result of dental caries
C. Uncontrolled diabetes
D. Low blood pressure

Periodontitis is:

A. Is the least common chronic inflammatory disease of humankind
B. A largely irrelevant element of oral health and general health and wellbeing
C. Likely to be eradicated by chemical agents in the near future
D. None of the above.

While further research is needed into links between periodontal disease, inflammation and general
health conditions, the main message for oral health care professionals should be:

A. Not to worry about plaque control as the links are unproven

B. To promote prevention in their patients and undertake effective treatment of periodontal disease

C. To advise long-term bed rest

D. To advocate lower levels of oral hygiene in sufferers of diabetes