Antibodies/ Immunoglobulins

Antibodies

Substances produced in response to antigenic stimulation that as capable of specific interaction with provoking
immunogen

humoral branch

Immunoglobulins are considered to be the ____ of immune response

IgG

Most concentrated antibody in out blood

IgE

least concentrated antibody in our blood

• Intavascular- inside bv

• Extravascular - outside bv

2 types of destruction

• Ehrlich’s Side chain theory (Paul Ehrlich)

• Template theory (Felix Haurowitz)

• clonal selection (Niels Jerne and Macfarlane Burnet)

Theories of Antibody Diversity

heavy or H chains

light or L chains

All immunoglobulin molecules are made up of a basic four chain polypeptide(tetrapeptide) unit that consists of two large
chains called ____ and two smaller chains called ______

Fab

– fragment of antigen binding

Fc

- fragment of crystallizable

• 2 or 22

• 14

Light chain - Chromosome ___

Heavy chain - chromosome ____

Kappa and Lambda

2 L chains:

Bence Jones protein

– light chains found in the urine of patient with Multiple myeloma

Isotype

- same heavy chain for each class / H chain that is
unique to each antibody

Allotype-

variations in constant regions (e.g Gm groups)

Idiotype

– variations in variable regions

IgG

Most abundant in serum

IgG, D, and E

Ig Monomers:

IgM

Ig - pentamer

IgA

Monomer an dimer

IgG

increase with second exposure

IgM

Primary response antibody

IgE

Binds to Mast cell - Ig

IgE

triggers allergic response Ig

IgE

Response to parasites - Ig

IgG

Predominant immunoglobulin in humans in secondary reponse

IgG

Longest half -life (Ig)

• IgG 1- 67% - 2 disulfate bonds

• IgG 2-22% - 4 disulfate bonds

• IgG 3-7% - 15 disulfate bonds

• IgG 4 - 4 % - 2 disulfate bonds

Subglasses of IgG - give its composition and how many bonds

IgG

Warm antibodies

IgG 2

Providing immunity for the new born, it can cross the placenta Except _

IgG 3

IgG that is best for complement fixation

IgG

Participation in agglutination and precipitation (Best is __) reactions

Macroglobulin

IgM is known as ____

IgM

It reacts best at cold temperature

IgM

it has a pantameric structure and “starlike shape”

IgM

Most primitive and first antibody to be produced by infant

IgM

It is known as primary response antibody because first to appear after a primary antigenic stimulus. It is
synthesized only as long as antigen remains present because there are no memory cells for IgM

Waldenstram Macroglobulinemia

Excessive increase concentration of IgM

IgM

Best complement fixative antibody

IgA

Predominant immunoglobulin in secretions such as tears, saliva, colostrum, milk, and intestinal fluids.

• IgA 1

• IgA 2

2 subclass of IgA

IgA

patrol mucosal surfaces and act as a first line of defense.

IgA

Activation of the alternative pathway in the complement system.

IgD

Immunoregulation

IgD

It is the second type of immunoglobulin to appear (IgM being the first) and it may play a role in B-cell activation

IgE

least abundant immunoglobulin in the serum

IgE

The most Heat labile antibody

Reaginic Antibody

IgE is originally called _______

IgE

Binds strongly to a receptor on MAST CELLS and BASOPHILS and together with antigen, mediates the release of
histamine and heparin from these cells

IgE

Mediates some types of hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions, allergies, and anaphylaxis and is generally responsible
for an individual’s immunity to invading parasites

• Lag phase

• Log phase

• Plateau phase

• Decline phase

The Antibody Immune Response:

Lag phase

no antibody is detectable

Log phase

the antibody titer increases logarihmically

Plateae phase

antibody titer stabilizes

Decline phase

antibody is catablolized

Primary antibody response

The first encounter and immune response to a specific
immunogen. It refers to the initial challenge of the immune
system

Secondary antibody Response

The immune response to subsequent exposure to the same
antigenic stimulus

Hybridoma technology

Formation of a ___ in monoclonal antibody production. A mouse is immunized, and spleen cells (plasma or B cells) are removed.

Hybridoma

An immortal cell capable of producing indefinite sequence of nucleotides

• Surfactant: PEG (Polyethylene glycol)

• Selective medium: HAT (Hypoxanthine, aminopterin, thymidine)

Hybridoma technology

• Surfactant:

• Selective medium: