3RD LE - BIO 11.1

All Parts of Scientific Paper from start to finish.

Title

• Attracts the reader

• Must broadly explain the paper is about

• Informative and concise

Title of the Study: Comparative Analysis on the Protein Profiles of Plant-Based Burger Patties Made from Soybean (Glycine max) and Mung Bean (Vigna Radiata)

• Study: You want to determine the protein profile of burger patties made from soybeans and mungbeans

• Working Title: Comparing Protein Profiles of Burgers Made from Soybeans and Mungbeans

what would be your title?

Title of the Study: Antihypertensive Effects of Compound X Isolated from Plant A (insert scientific name)

• Study: You want to investigate if a new plant compound (Compound X) from a native plant (Plant A) can lower blood pressure (Hypertension)

• Working Title: Compound X from Plant A and its blood-pressure lowering activity

What would be your title?

Introduction

• Background Information

Which chapter and specific part of the scientific paper?

Important terms that need to be defined

Introduction

• Background Information

Which chapter and specific part of the scientific paper?

Important relationships on the factors that are under study

Introduction

• Background Information

Which chapter and specific part of the scientific paper?

e.g. Background about burger patties (how they are made), soybeans (botanical, economic significance

Introduction

• The Problem

Which chapter and specific part of the scientific paper?

What the issue the paper is trying to address

Introduction

• The Problem

Which chapter and specific part of the scientific paper?

e.g. ethical consumption of meat products, rise of lifestyle diseases, expensive meat ingredients

Introduction

• Significance of the Study

Which chapter and specific part of the scientific paper?

Where will the data from this study be used/who will benefit from this research?

Introduction

• Significance of the Study

Which chapter and specific part of the scientific paper?

e.g. people who are looking for cheaper protein options

General Objective

Which chapter and specific part of the scientific paper?

(e.g. The ____________ objective was to compare the protein profiles of burger patties made from soybean and mungbean)

Specifically

Specific Objectives

Which chapter and specific part of the scientific paper?

e.g. ____________, the study aimed to: (your method must answer this objective)

Hypothesis of the Study

Which chapter and specific part of the scientific paper?

Educated guess based on available literature

• e.g. It is hypothesized that burger patties made from soybeans would give better protein profiles compared to mungbeans due to higher amounts of essential amino acids.

Date and Place of the Study

Which chapter and specific part of the scientific paper?

Where and when you conducted your study

• e.g. The study was conducted at the Institute of Biological Sciences, UPLB from January 2025 – December 2025.

reagents/chemicals; equipment; food ingredients

Matterials and Methods

Materials (e.g. ___________, _________, __________) that were used the experiment.

F

note: you don’t need to list down the glasswares, beakers, or common materials in the lab. Only the relevant ones

T or F

For materials and methods, you need to list down the glassware, beakers, or common materials in the lab.

• rationale

Materials and Methods

• Detailed methods on how the experiments were performed (if modifications were made, indicate them)

• Appropriate methods should be chosen depending on the (specific) objectives of your study

• You may provide a __________ as to why you chose that method (e.g. Bradford assay was used to quantify the total proteins present in the burger patties.)

positive; negative

If method required the use of controls, indicate the ________ and ________ controls

• E.g. Quantification of protein concentration was done using Bradford assay using bovine serum albumin as the positive control and water as the negative control.

Abstract

Which chapter and specific part of the scientific paper?

• Gives an impression what the paper is all about

• Capture the essence of the paper

Abstract

Which chapter and specific part of the scientific paper?

• Usually composed of 250 words

• Contains keywords – important words that are related to your study

Vascular; root; shoot

__________ plants (i.e. those with conducting tissues like xylem and phloem) have two major organ systems: the _____ and _______ systems.

vegetative (nonreproductive); reproductive

The shoot system is found above the ground and consists of the ______________ parts of the plant such as the leaves, buds and the stems, and the _______________ parts which include flowers, fruits and seeds.

root

The __________ system consists of the subterranean parts which anchor the plant to the soil and allows for absorption of water, as well as inorganic and organic nutrients.

transpiration

Essential plant processes such as ____________ involve the use of vascular tissues. This refers to the loss of water through the stomata in the form of water vapor.

• absorption at the roots

• capillary action in the xylem vessels

• evaporation at the aerial parts.

Transpiration involves three basic steps:

• _____________________

• _____________________

• _____________________

pulling; negative; cohesive

Water loss by transpiration creates a _________ force that produces a ___________ hydrostatic pressure. The __________ property observed in most liquids allows water to be pulled from the soil through the xylem as water molecules are evaporating at the leaf surface, simultaneously.

Transpiration; underside

______________ occurs mostly on the __________ of the leaf surface where stomata are found abundantly but it may also take place through cuticles and lenticels.

thermoregulation

Transpiration plays an important role in ______________.

• Rapid evaporation of water from the aerial parts of the plant through transpiration lowers their temperature and thus allows them to survive in extreme heat conditions.

Transpiration

The process takes place throughout the day, peaking at noon, the hottest part of the day.

• number, size, position and the movement of

Transpiration rates are affected by internal and external factors.

• Internal factors include plant parameters such as _________, _________, _________, and ____________ stomates, the thickness of the boundary layer of still and humid air on the surface of the leaf and the thickness of the cuticle layer.

• air temperature; humidity; wind speed

Transpiration rates are affected by internal and external factors.

• External factors such as ____________, relative ________, __________, and radiation intensity strongly influence the rate of evaporation, as well.

photosynthesi; CO₂

Furthermore, transpiration supports ______________ as it would allow _____ to enter the open stomata, allowing gas exchange between the atmosphere and the leaf.

Organs

__________ are body structures composed of various types of tissues that constitute a distinct structural and functional unit.

organ system

An __________ is a group of organs with related functions that performs major activities for the body.

coelom (body cavity); skeleton of jointed bones; accessory organs; integument

The general body plan of vertebrates is characterized by the presence of a digestive tract or tube suspended in the ____________ surrounded by an internal ________________, _______________-, and ____________.

dorsal; skull and vertebrae; ventral; rib cage; muscles

Vertebrates possess both a ___________ (back) body cavity formed within the _________________, as well as, a ____________ (belly) body cavity enclosed by ___________ and lower abdominal __________.

thoracic cavity; peritoneal (abdominal) cavity

The ventral body cavity is divided by the diaphragm into two parts: the ________________, which contains the heart and lungs, and the ________________, which holds most of the organs such as stomach, intestines, liver, and kidneys.

pericardial cavity; pleural cavities

The space around the heart is called the _______________ and the space around the lungs corresponds to the ________________. 

Periplaneta americana L.; Insecta; Blattodea; Blattidae

The domestic cockroach, __________________ belongs to Phylum Arthropoda, Class ___________, Order ____________and Family ____________.

chitin

Being an invertebrate, the cockroach lacks an internal skeleton or endoskeleton. This however is compensated by the presence of a waxy exoskeleton made of __________.

• The exoskeleton provides protection against mechanical injury and prevents excessive loss of water.

head, thorax, and abdomen.

Two pairs of wings are found on the dorsal side while the three pairs of legs are located on the ventral side. The cockroach has three body regions: _______________

SYSTEMS

Circulatory

FUNCTIONS

Distributes materials, respiratory gases, and chemical compounds throughout the body

SYSTEMS

Circulatory

COMPONENTS

Heart, blood vessels, blood

SYSTEMS

Digestive

FUNCTIONS

Procures and processes nutrients from ingested food

SYSTEMS

Digestive

COMPONENTS

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, Intestines, liver, pancreas, anus

SYSTEMS

Endocrine

FUNCTIONS

Coordinates and integrates the activities of the body

SYSTEMS

Endocrine

COMPONENTS

Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal and other hormone-secreting glands

SYSTEMS

Integumentary

FUNCTIONS

Covers and protects the body against injury, infection, and dehydration

SYSTEMS

Integumentary

COMPONENTS

Skin and its derivatives such as hair, nails, scales, feathers, and sweat glands

SYSTEMS

Lymphatic and Immune

FUNCTIONS

Vessels transport extracellular fluid and fat to circulatory system; lymph nodes and lymphatic organs provide defenses to microbial infection and cancer

SYSTEMS

Lymphatic and Immune

COMPONENTS

Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, tonsils, spleen

SYSTEMS

Muscular

FUNCTIONS

Facilitates locomotion and other body movement

SYSTEMS

Muscular

COMPONENTS

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

SYSTEMS

Nervous

FUNCTIONS

Receives stimuli, integrates information, and directs the responses to stimuli

SYSTEMS

Nervous

COMPONENTS

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs

SYSTEMS

Reproductive

FUNCTIONS

Carries out reproduction

SYSTEMS

Reproductive

COMPONENTS

Testes, ovaries, and associated reproductive structures

SYSTEMS

Respiratory

FUNCTIONS

Captures oxygen and exchanges gases

SYSTEMS

Respiratory

COMPONENTS

Lungs, trachea, gills, and other air passageways

SYSTEMS

Skeletal

FUNCTIONS

Protects the body and provides support for locomotion and movement

SYSTEMS

Skeletal

COMPONENTS

Bones, tendons, cartilage, and ligaments

SYSTEMS

Urinary or Excretory

FUNCTIONS

Removes metabolic wastes from the bloodstream and regulates osmotic balance

SYSTEMS

Urinary or Excretory

COMPONENTS

Kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Rhinella marina L.; Amphibia; Anura; Bufonidae

A vertebrate model often used in the laboratory is the marine toad, ____________ which belongs to Phylum Chordata, Class __________, Order __________, and Family ____________.

bumpy skin due to the presence of numerous wart-like irregularities.

The marine toad, Rhinella marina L. can be easily recognized from the true frogs (Rana sp.) by their?

parotoid glands

The marine toad, Rhinella marina L. also possess two huge ____________ situated behind each eye, which function as venom glands capable of producing toxic milky secretions when squeezed

Dissection; vivisection

___________ involves the display or removal of pads of any dead animal, in contrast to ___________, which is an operation done on a living animal.

• humane treatment

• maximum utilization of the dissected animal

• preparedness for the procedure

There are some important rules to bear in mind for dissection to be an acceptable procedure in studying animal biology. These include:

• ____________________

• ____________________

• ____________________

gizzard; Malpighian tubules

Posterior to the crop is a small, hard, conical structure, the _________. It has teeth-like structures that are used in grinding food.

• This is followed by the mesenteron, marked anteriorly by finger-like gastric caeca and posteriorly by hair-like ______________.

• These tubules serve as the excretory organs of the cockroach.

ostia (sing. ostium)

In front of each dilatations except in the last, a pair of opening, the _________________ is present. They are guarded by valves to prevent backflow of blood into the heart.

pericardium

In the marien toad, locate the heart contained within a membranous sac called the _____________.

brachial plexus

In the marine toad, there are ten pairs of spinal nerves that pass out from openings of the vertebrae.

• The first three nerves have interconnecting branches that form the _____________ which innervates the forelimbs and shoulder muscles.

sciatic plexus

The seventh, eighth, and ninth nerves have many interconnections, forming the _____________ which passes into each hindlimb.

Epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers the outside of the animal body and its internal organs.

Connective tissue

Tissue made up of scattered cells held in an extracellular matrix and holds organs and tissues together and in place.

Muscle tissue

Tissue that functions in different types of movement.

Nervous tissue

Tissue that functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of information.

Dissection and Vivisection

These techniques require basic equipment which include scalpel, forceps, dissecting scissors, flapper, pins, and dissecting pan.

Anterior; posterior

___________ means up/front while ____________ means down/back from a reference point.

Dorsal; ventral

__________ = back while __________ = front

chitin

Insects have an exoskeleton made of ______.

Chitin

_________ is a polymer (aminopolysaccharide) of N-acetyl-Dglucosamine.

1. Esophagus

2. Salivary Gland

3. Crop

4. Gizzard

5. Gastric Caeca

Activity 1. Dissection of Cockroach

Digestive System – immediate visible organ

A. Foregut

1. __________ - connects the mouth to the crop; transports food down the digestive tract

2. ____________ - produces saliva, begins the enzymatic digestion of food in the mouth

3. __________ - storage organ for food prior further digestion

4. ____________ - grinds food with its chitinous teeth

5. _____________ - finger-like projections that produce digestive enzymes and aid in nutrient absorption.

6. Mesenteron

Activity 1. Dissection of Cockroach

Digestive System – immediate visible organ

B. Midgut

6. ______________ - primary site of digestion and absorption

7. Ileum

8. Colon

9. Rectum

10. Anus

Activity 1. Dissection of Cockroach

Digestive System – immediate visible organ

C. Hindgut

7. ___________ - water and salts begin to be reabsorbed from the waste.

8. ___________ - further reabsorbs water and packs undigested food.

9. ___________ - waste storage before excretion.

10. ___________ - exit point for waste materials from the digestive tract

Malpighian Tubules

Activity 1. Dissection of Cockroach

Excretory System

- tubular structures (fringed by glandular and ciliated cells) that filter nitrogenous wastes and other solutes from the hemolymph

Malpighian Tubules

Activity 1. Dissection of Cockroach

Excretory System

They lead into the hindgut, where wastes are combined with digestive waste for excretion.

dorsal; open; cavities; closed blood vessels

Activity 1. Dissection of Cockroach

Circulatory System – ________ part; ________ circulatory system; blood flows through _________ instead of ________ _________ _________