Unit 1: Introduction to Poetry 낱말 카드 | Quizlet

What criticism does Donald Hall have regarding rational discourse in language?

Donald Hall criticizes the use of language strictly for rational thought, emphasizing poetry's power to express what can only be felt in the body.

How does Joseph Brodsky view the role of poetry in human evolution?

Brodsky speculates that poetry represents the end goal of evolution, being the supreme linguistic operation.

What does Gary Geddes suggest about growing up in modern societies?

Geddes suggests that one of the greatest prices of maturity in modern societies is that "we dwindle into prose."

How does Williams' "The Red Wheelbarrow" emphasize poetry's focus on sound effects?

The poem must be read slowly to appreciate the importance of each word and to emphasize sound effects, highlighting the musical quality of poetry.

What does the structure of "The Red Wheelbarrow" illustrate about poetry's form?

The structure with distinct line pauses and couplets shows the poet's control over word arrangement and the gradual accumulation of meaning.

What does Williams achieve by specifying "water" after "glazed with rain"?

He refocuses the reader on the familiar fact, making it fresh and emphasizing the rain's impact beyond mere wetness.

What is the basic form of each stanza in "The Red Wheelbarrow"?

Each stanza consists of two lines, the first with three words and the second with one two-syllable word.

What is the significance of the specific details in "The Red Wheelbarrow" (e.g., the red wheelbarrow, white chickens)?

These details create vivid contrasts and define the scene, stressing the interrelatedness of objects and enhancing the sensory experience.

What does poetry often evoke, according to various poets?

Poetry often evokes powerful sensory experiences and emotional responses, using concise and evocative language.

What are the implications of binary thinking in relation to poetry and prose?

Binary thinking divides concepts into opposites and can be overly simplistic, whereas recognizing the value of both poetry and prose ("living doubly") offers a more balanced and enriching perspective.

What does it mean to "live doubly" according to Gary Geddes?

To "live doubly" means to balance and appreciate both the emotional and sensory language of poetry and the rational, logical discourse of prose.

How is poetry related to early sensory and emotional experiences?

Poetry taps into early sensory experiences and emotional responses, mirroring the primal way humans first learn to perceive and relate to the world.

Why does poetry require a slower reading pace?

A slower reading pace allows the reader to appreciate the rhythmic and sonic qualities of poetry, as well as the nuanced meaning of each word and phrase.

How does prose differ from poetry in its use of language?

Prose typically uses a more direct, straightforward language focused on logical and analytical thought, whereas poetry employs a more suggestive and condensed use of language.

What does the poem "The Red Wheelbarrow" lack that might typically be expected in poetry?

It lacks rhyme, strict rhythm, and traditional poetic themes such as love or death, challenging conventional expectations of what constitutes poetry.

How does poetry make use of lineation differently from prose?

Poetry deliberately controls lineation to shape meaning and sound, while prose follows more conventional grammar and paragraph structures.

What is a common misconception about the content of poetry?

A common misconception is that poetry must address grand themes like love or war; however, poetry can focus on everyday objects and scenes to evoke deeper meanings.

How can poetry and prose complement each other in communication?

While poetry captures the emotional and sensory aspects of language, prose articulates clear and rational ideas, together enriching communication and understanding.

What is a common misconception about imagery in literature?

Imagery is often mistakenly thought to refer only to visual phenomena, but it actually includes all sensory impressions.

What can an image in literature evoke?

An image can evoke a wide set of impressions and responses including sensory experiences and emotions.

What senses does imagery encompass beyond sight?

Imagery includes sight, hearing, feeling (tactile), smell, taste, and kinesthesia (sense of body movement and coordination).

How do writers use imagery to affect readers?

Writers use imagery to evoke in readers the sensation of seeing, hearing, or tasting things, even though these sensations are not actually being experienced.

What are the two main characteristics that determine the effectiveness of imagery in poetry?

The effectiveness of imagery depends on its vividness and precision, and its appropriateness to the context.

Give an example of vivid and precise imagery from Williams' poetry.

Williams describes chickens as "white" and a wheelbarrow that has been "glazed" with water, enhancing the imagery's vividness and precision.

What does "appropriateness" in imagery refer to in poetry?

Appropriateness in imagery refers to how well the imagery fits with the thematic or historical context of the poem, enhancing its overall impact.

How does Ezra Pound's "In a Station of the Metro" use imagery?

The poem uses vivid imagery to compare faces in the crowd to "Petals on a wet, black bough," creating a powerful visual and emotional effect.

What metaphorical association is offered in "In a Station of the Metro"?

The metaphor compares faces in the subway to petals, suggesting fragility and transience amidst the urban environment.

What does the word "apparition" suggest in the context of Pound's poem?

"Apparition" suggests something ghostly or unexpected, enhancing the poem's ethereal quality.

How is the imagery of "petals" and "black bough" significant in Pound's poem?

"Petals" evoke youth and innocence, while "black bough" suggests a dark, solid background, emphasizing contrast and highlighting the fleeting nature of the scene.

What is the effect of the imagery in Pound's poem on the reader?

The imagery creates a sense of suddenness and a touch of fear, drawing the reader into a deeper reflection on modern society.

How does the rhythm contribute to the imagery in Pound's "In a Station of the Metro"?

The rhythm, varying from iambic to trochaic, emphasizes certain images and aligns closely with the poem's tone and meaning

What sound devices enhance the imagery in Pound's poem?

Slant rhyme and assonance, such as in "crowd" and "bough", and alliteration in "black bough" enhance the musical quality and focus on the imagery.

Why does Stephen Minot emphasize the precision of Pound's word choices in his explication?

Minot highlights how precise word choices in Pound's poem contribute significantly to its depth of imagery and overall poetic effect.

What does imagery do in the context of literature, according to the discussion?

Imagery serves to evoke sensory experiences and emotional responses, helping to convey deeper meanings beyond the literal text.

How does the concept of "kinesthesia" play into literary imagery?

Kinesthesia involves the sensation of movement or coordination, enriching the imagery by adding a sense of physical presence or action.

What role does the sense of taste play in imagery?

Taste in imagery can evoke personal or cultural memories, adding depth to the reader's emotional and sensory engagement with the text.

How does the sense of smell contribute to imagery in literature?

Smell can trigger profound emotional responses and memories, enhancing the vividness and emotional depth of literary descriptions.

How is the tactile sense used in imagery?

The tactile sense in imagery helps to make descriptions more tangible and relatable, allowing readers to 'feel' textures and physical sensations described in the text.

What is the broadest definition of "imagery" in literature?

Imagery signifies all the objects and qualities of sense perception referred to in a work, whether by literal description, allusion, or in similes and metaphors.

How is imagery used to make poetry concrete?

Imagery makes poetry concrete by using sense perceptions to describe objects and scenes vividly, moving away from abstract language.

What are some senses included in literary imagery beyond the visual?

Imagery includes auditory, tactile, thermal, olfactory, gustatory, and kinesthetic sensations.

Provide an example of how Tennyson uses diverse sensory imagery.

In "In Memoriam" (No. 101), Tennyson includes imagery of smell, taste, and auditory sensations, along with a suggestion of warmth with the adjective "summer."

What does C. Day Lewis define as an image in his "Poetic Image"?

He describes an image as a "picture made out of words" and a poem as an image composed from a multiplicity of images.

How does imagery contribute to the understanding of a poem?

Imagery uses specific sensory details to evoke emotions and connect readers to the poem's deeper meanings and themes.

What is a more narrow definition of imagery in literary criticism?

Narrowly, imagery refers to specific, vivid, and particularized descriptions of visible objects and scenes.

Narrowly, imagery refers to specific, vivid, and particularized descriptions of visible objects and scenes.

Critics emphasize that imagery, particularly in metaphors and similes, is crucial for conveying poetic meaning, structure, and effect.

What was Caroline Spurgeon's contribution to the study of Shakespeare's imagery?

Spurgeon used statistical analysis of figurative images to infer Shakespeare's experiences and temperament and to identify image clusters and motifs in his plays.

How does imagery in Shakespeare reveal themes in his plays?

Imagery, through implicit interactions rather than explicit statements, plays a key role in unfolding the thematic content in Shakespeare's plays.

What is "imagism" in the context of early 20th-century poetry?

Imagism was a poetic movement that emphasized free verse, clear images, and precise expression without generalization.

Who were some notable poets associated with the Imagist movement?

Notable Imagists include Ezra Pound, Amy Lowell, H.D. (Hilda Doolittle), and D.H. Lawrence.

What were the main principles of Imagism as defined by Amy Lowell?

Imagism called for poetry that is rhythmically free, uses common speech, and presents sharp, clear images.

How did Imagism influence modernist poetry?

Imagism initiated a modernist focus on precise, clear imagery and influenced major poets like T.S. Eliot and Wallace Stevens.

Provide an example of an Imagist poem by Ezra Pound.

"In a Station of the Metro" is a classic Imagist poem, using the metaphor of faces in a crowd likened to "Petals on a wet, black bough."

What is the significance of the imagery in Pound's "In a Station of the Metro"?

The imagery creates a vivid, ephemeral visual impression that contrasts the transient nature of human existence against the static, dark background of the metro.

How do Imagist poets achieve intensity in their poetry?

Imagist poets achieve intensity by concentrating on the direct presentation of images and avoiding unnecessary words or explanations.

What literary technique is closely associated with Imagism regarding the structure of poems?

Juxtaposition is key in Imagism, where images are placed side by side without explicit connections, creating a stark and powerful effect.

Why was Imagism considered restrictive and short-lived as a movement?

Imagism's strict focus on brevity, precision, and avoidance of traditional poetic forms was too limiting for sustained creative expression.

What was T.E. Hulme's role in the development of Imagism?

T.E. Hulme influenced the foundational ideas of Imagism, advocating for a break from the sentimental and vague poetry of the early 1900s.

What is figurative language?

A nonliteral way of saying something to create special effects.

What are the three principal devices of figurative language?

Metaphor, simile, and symbolism.

How do figures of speech differ from regular, logical usage?

They depart from literal meaning to gain special effects.

What does it mean when language is used metaphorically?

It is not to be taken literally.

Give an example of a metaphor.

"A bad joke stinks."

Give an example of a simile.

"Passing an English exam is like a piece of cake."

What is the difference between metaphor and simile?

A metaphor states that one thing is another, while a simile makes a comparison using 'like' or 'as'.

What is connotation in figurative language?

It is when a word has more than one meaning beyond its literal definition.

What is denotation in figurative language?

The precise, literal meaning of a word.

How does a metaphor deepen our impression of something?

By equating it to something else from a different class.

What effect does a simile create compared to a metaphor?

It suggests a partial likeness rather than a complete equation.

What is defamiliarization in poetry?

A technique that presents familiar things in an unfamiliar way to force deeper perception.

Who proposed the theory of defamiliarization?

Viktor Shklovskii.

How does defamiliarization affect the reader?

It forces them to pause and examine an idea, increasing aesthetic awareness.

Why are clichés considered weak figurative language?

They lose their ability to defamiliarize due to overuse.

What are two examples of similes in Birney's 'From the Hazel Bough'?

"She was plump as a finch" and "live as a salmon."

Why is 'eyes were trees' a metaphor rather than a simile?

It asserts an identification between two different things instead of just a resemblance.

How does poetry use metaphors differently from prose?

Poetry uses them to create meaning through paradox and complex imagery.

What is a traditional symbol?

A symbol with historical or cultural significance, like an apple representing original sin.

What is a conventional symbol?

A symbol understood by people in a particular culture, like white for purity.

Give an example of a conventional symbol.

Black representing mystery or evil.

What is a personal symbol?

A symbol created by a single writer through repeated use in their works.

What is the main symbol in Sylvia Plath's 'Tulips'?

The tulips, which carry intense and unconventional symbolism.

How do metaphors enhance poetry?

By asserting identity between two different things and deepening meaning.

How do similes limit the effect of comparisons?

They specify a resemblance rather than equating two things entirely.

What is the purpose of symbols in poetry?

To create layers of meaning that extend beyond literal interpretation.

What is a possible interpretation of the whirlpool in Avison's 'The Swimmer's Moment'?

It represents the challenge of facing difficult decisions in life.

What function do symbols play in poetry?

They intrigue the reader and force deeper engagement with meaning.

Why should one be cautious about identifying symbols in poetry?

Not every object or image is necessarily symbolic.

How does cultural context affect symbols in poetry?

Symbols can vary in meaning across different cultures and traditions.

What is figurative language?

A departure from standard language usage to achieve special meaning or effect.

What are the two main classes of figurative language?

Figures of thought (tropes) and figures of speech (schemes).

What is the difference between tropes and schemes?

Tropes change the meaning of words, while schemes alter their order or syntactical pattern.

Who provided the most influential treatment of figurative language?

Quintilian in 'Institutes of Oratory' (1st century AD).

What is a simile?

A comparison between two different things using 'like' or 'as'.

Give an example of a simile.

"O my love's like a red, red rose." - Robert Burns

What is a metaphor?

A figure of speech that applies a term to something it does not literally denote.

What is the difference between a metaphor and a simile?

A metaphor states one thing is another, while a simile compares using 'like' or 'as'.

What are the 'tenor' and 'vehicle' in a metaphor?

The tenor is the subject, and the vehicle is the metaphorical term used to describe it.

What is metonymy?

A figure of speech where something closely associated is used to represent something else (e.g., 'the crown' for a king).

What is synecdoche?

A figure of speech where a part represents the whole or vice versa (e.g., 'ten hands' for ten workers).

What is personification?

Attributing human qualities to inanimate objects or abstract concepts.