Ancient Rome Art & Architecture Test #3

Augustus

Who are the Julio Claudianas related to ?

Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, & Nero

Who were part of the Julio Claudians?

Head of Tiberius

Tiberius was the son of Livia, a supporter of Augustus, u can see that bc this sculpture is similar to his by embracing the young look forever

Double Suovetaurilia Relief

made of marble, thanking the Gods for the population and security for the population. we think Tiberius chose it because it was one of the only times him and Augustus were presented in equal stats.

Suovetaurilia

a huge sacrifice of 3 animals, includes a pig, sheep, and bull

Triumph of Tiberius, scyphus from Bosco Reale

made of silver, could be transmitter of a propaganda, found in hoard of cups that were hidden in Pompeii, bascaralia.

scyphus

an ancient Greek drinking cup; two handles and footed base

victory

palm branch

Augustus seated among Gods on a scyphus

amazon-like figure of virtue, Venus and cupid, mars. elevates Augustus as aa god after his death bc he was defied. link to Augustus & Tiberius as he inherited the great mantle after Augustus.

virtus

manly valor

seminude male honors

personification of honor

Gemma Augustae

15 CE, sardonyx cameo, scorpio showed in the cameo and is the sign of Tiberius. Jupiter is an attribute, Augustus is in the guise of Jupiter and tellus is in it as well. Livia and Augustus is deified and we know bc he's barefoot.

Cameo

made of shell, they carved away parts of it to create the sculpture, popular around the area of cameos. made in roman art, used to give ambassadors, and political allies to have private convos and look at them.

grand camee de france

296-29 CE, sardonyx cameo, ambitious. Tiberius with Livia in this cameo, a figure identified as eternity. Celebrates the lineage of Tiberius and Augustus

apotheosis

take it to the gods, lift it to the gods

Head of Caligula

from Manino, made of marble. there aren't a lot of works made of Caligula bc he only ruled for 4 years. a little bit of Julio Claudian idealism, he was very young, cruel, depraved and mentally ill.

He's the 4th emperor, brother of Germanicus and nephew of Tiberius.

Who is Claudius?

he was worried he would also be assassinated and spent a lot of time outside of Rome bc of it.

Why was Claudius worried when he succeeded Caligula?

a rejection of augustan classicism

What do we see in Claudius' portraits?

Claudius enthroned in the guise of Jupiter

from the theater, cerveteri, has a realistic head but not an idealistic body. to separate himself from Caligula and Tiberius bc it is actually his face but an idealized body.

Sacrifice at the temple of mars ultor

from the art pietas Augustae (altar of augustan piety), plaster cast started by Tiberius, as an altar dedicated to Augustus, finished by Claudius after Tiberius died and Caligula didnt have much time to work on it as he did pretty early on. influenced by the ara pacis a reference too the temple of mars ultra.

east facade of the port maggiore (big gate)

Porta Praenestina, an aqueduct gate, Rome 52 CE, at the top there are 2 channels where 2 aqueducts cross.

rustication

stones that are not smoothly carved (stones not dressed), stones left in a rough natural state

detail of the central pier of the west facade of the porta maggiore

rome 52 CE, stones are in rustication

54-68 CE

Around when was Nero emperor?

Head of Nero

from palatine hill, rome, 59-64 CE made of marble, here we see that -nero's portraits have realistic depictions of hair and flesh

started in 64 CE in the circus maxima and ranged over 2-3 days, in the horse stalls, Nero was outside of rome when this happened and when he got back he gave an opera performance, it was his way of addressing a great tragedy, he loved greek culture and theater and saw himself as a poet, an artist wasn't very interested in ruling and relied on ministers and other wiser give's officials

When did the fire in Rome occur?

Domus Aurea

golden house, built after the roman fire

Severus and celer plan

plan of a dining room or living room, its a section of the octagonal hall in the domus area, rome 64-68 CE. has an oculus (eye)

he had a preference for rustication

What was architecture like under Claudius?

Augustan style

Who did Tiberius base his style off?

they created propaganda, and spread characterizations of Nero that he was evil and greedy bc they would then be seen as wonderful.

Why did Nero's reputation suffer after the Flavians took over?

Vespasian, Titus and Domitian, all emperors during times of war.

Who was part of the Flavians?

Head of Vespasian

made of marble, a no-nonsense military man who wanted to make a name for himself and his family, distanced himself from Nero, this portrait is very realistic, shows he was an older man.

receding hairlines, hair brushed back, thin lips, deeper carvings and more dramatic carvings

What is shown in Flavian portraits?

Togate statue of Titus

son of Vespasian, very realistic

Bust of Domitian

from Rome, he was assassinated, and ruled the ;ingest of all the Flavians and built a circus and a large palace. made of marble, and has thin lips.

Head of a Young Woman

from Rome late first or early second century made of marble.

Temple of Peace

What is the Templum Pacis?

Restored view of the Templum Pacis

Rome, 71-79 CE built after the war of 74, he wants to return peace to Rome, a type of museum, the menorah of the temple of Jerusalem is here.

place of the colossal statue, (eum means place of), it is called the colosseum bc the colossal statue is right in front of it.

What does colosseum mean?

Flavian Amphitheater, built in 72-80 CE

What's the proper name for the colosseum?

North side of the Colosseum

Rome, 70-80 CE, has Doric order columns at the very bottom row, spikes and poles at the top are where the velarium would be attached, manned by sailors. during the renaissance the colosseum as striped of marble, metal and used to rebuild churches and buildings. detail

detail of the elevation of the north facade of the colosseum

contains Roman numerals, with arrows pointing to numbered seats like in theaters and stadiums today

Annular Vaults

ringed vaults, tunnels you walk through in the colosseum

concrete

What did they use to build the colosseum?

arena is deviated from the word sand in Italian (arena)

Where does the word arena come from?

aerial view of the colosseum

was drawn in coins bc it was an enormous gift, public executions took place here, christian martyrs were fed to the lions. the audience space is guesstimated to be 800-1000

it was a source of inspo throughout history and the romantic period, they wrote abt visiting the colosseum at midnight. it ws built in the area of Nero's palace and it was like taking part in what was his and giving it to the GP.

Why was the colosseum important?

during the time that Pompey was destroyed by Mt. Vesuvius

When did Titus rule?

Arch of (for) Titus

via sacra, Rome (81 CE), the senate and people of Rome have dedicated this to Titus bc he was defied. it has engaged columns with composite capitals and victory figures, an attic, arch (a shallow vault). reliefs on the sides show triumph of the victory over Jerusalem. looking towards capitoline hill.

Apotheosis of Titus

relief in the passageway of the vault of the arch of Titus, Livia is Hand gliding on the eagle being taken heavenward to the Gods.

Baroque art bc it is mannered in a way thats more dramatic and has more movement

What is Flavian art termed?

Soldiers carrying the spoils of Jerusalem in the triumph of Titus, passageway arch of Titus

Flavian carving of men running with trumpets as a celebration march. they're all walking toward an arch, w/ very deep carvings (characteristics of flavian art).

victory crowning Titus in his triumphal quadriga, passageway pf Titus

Rabirius, he built it on Palatine Hill, Rome

Who built the Palace of Domitian?

palace

What does the word palatine derive from?

Restored view of the palace of Domitian

palatine hill, rome, multicolored marble used

Nymphaeum off the triclinium

domus Flavia, the palace of Domitian, this was most likely a fountain

Lower peristyle garden

domus augustana, palace of Domitian, palatine hill rome

Aerial view of the Piazza Navona

formerly the sodium of Domitian, rome CA 86

Trajan rule

Who was the best rule in Rome?

under trajan

When was the height of the Roman Empire reached?

Trajan as an imperator from the school del Troiano

ostia

Cuirass of the statue of Trajan as imperator

bust of trajan

Realistic head with the idealistic body

Paludamentum

military cloak

Baldric

sword sheath

head of plotina

loyal wife

military engineer, credited for building the forum of Trajan and the column of Trajan

Who is Apollodorus Damascus?

reconstruction of the forum of Trajan

built by apollodorus of Damascus, dedicated I 112

Interior of basilica ulpia in the forumm of Trajan

built by Apollo of Damascus

column of trajan (ruins of the bascilica)

area was excavated to make room for the column, the height of the column corresponds to how much earth they excavated, column was built as the mark of triumph, spiraling at the top signified the statue of trjan that used to be there but now there is a statue of St. Peter

pedestal of the column of Trajan

in the forum of Trajan, the base of the column is decorated w/ war spoils, theres a staircase in the center of the column, 150 steps.

Detail of four bands of the spinal frieze of the column of trajan

in the forum of trajan, in rome, dedicated in 112

mass suicide of dacians

they drank poison

romans crossing the Danube and building the fort

plan of the imperial fora

rome

apollodorus of Damascus, markets of trajan

made of brick, the first time we see brick, it became popular bc it was cheaper. spices were sold at this matrket

apollodorus of Damascus via biberatica

beneath the great hall, markets if trajan

detail of the hemicycle facade of the markets of Trajan

Rome

interior of great hall

quirinal hall, markets of trajan

apollodorus of damascus: restored view of the great hall

groin vaults, two tunnel, vaults intersecting

groin vault

built by John Burge

fenestrated sequence of groin vaults

allows for windows, light into the great hall

celestory

an outside wall of a room or building that rises above an adjoining roof and contains windows

Benevento

Where was the arch of Trajan built?

Rome

Where was the arch of Titus built?

Alimentary program of Trajan

passageway relief, arch of trajan

city facade of the arch of trajan

benevento

Jupiter extending his thunderbolt to Trajans left attic relief

left attic relief, giving trajan his thunderbolt

trajan entering rome

right attic relief, coming in after Dacian victory. trajan was adopted by miraba, and Hadrian will be adopted by trajan

trajan battling dacians, section of the great trajanic frieze

reused as liberator rubies panel in the central passageway of the arch of Constantine

victory crowning trajan

a section of the great trajanic frieze reused as findator panel in the central passageway of the arch of Constantine