International/Internal Boundaries, Challenges and Consequences of Politics Vocabulary HGAP

Unit 4 - Political Geography 2022-2023

African Union

An organization of African states established in 2002 as a successor to the OAU to encourage development and political stability through increased cooperation between its members

Arctic Council

Established in 1996 by the Ottawa Declaration as a high-level intergovernmental forum to provide a means for promoting cooperation, coordination and interaction among the Arctic States, with the involvement of the Arctic indigenous communities and other Arctic inhabitants on a common Arctic issues

ASEAN

The association of Southeast Asian Nations establish in 2015 to promote the economic growth of 10 countries south of China as well as regional stability among its members

contiguous zone

Coastal states have a limited sovereignty for up to 24 nautical miles where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration, and sanitation

cultural cohesion

The capacity to live together in harmony with a sense of mutual commitment among citizens of different social or economic circumstances

democratization

The transition from autocratic to more representative forms of politics

economies of scale

The cost advantages of conducting economic activity on a large scale

equitable infrastructure development

An approach for meeting the needs of underserved communities through policies and programs that reduce disparities while fostering places that are healthy and vibrant

ethnic cleansing

The forced removal of a minority ethnic group from a territory

ethnic nationalist movements

A social and political movement for obtain and maintain ethnic national identity and autonomy among a group of people that some of its members consider a nation

ethnic separatism

When an ethnic group wants to separate from the larger group

ethnonationalism

A particular strain of nationalism that is marked by the desire of an ethnic community to have absolute authority over its own political economic and social affairs

European Union

A group of 28 countries that operate as a cohesive economic and political block; 19 of the countries us the euro as their official currency

exclusive economic zone

Coastal states can explode, extract minerals, and manage up to 200 nautical miles

failed states

A state which can no longer perform basic functions such as education, security, or governance, usually due to fractious violence or extreme poverty

federal state

A state in which a group or body of members are bound together with a governing representative head

gerrymandering

The drawing of boundaries for political districts by the party of group in power to extend or cement their advantage

infrastructure

The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise

international waters/high seas

Water beyond the EEZ and open to all states

irredentism

A type of expansionism that occurs when one country seeks to annex territory in another because it has ties to part of the population lives there

military alliance

An international agreement concerning national security, when the contracting parties agree to mutual protection and support in case of a crisis that has not been identified in advance

NATO

(North Atlantic Treaty Organization) an alliance of 28 counties bordering the North Atlantic Ocean

redistricting

The period redrawing of legislative district boundaries

supranationalism

Occurs when multiple counties form an organization to collectively achieve greater benefits for all members

territorial seas

Up to 12 nautical miles of sovereignty starting at a state's coast. commercial vessels may pass through, but non-commercial vessels may be challenged

terrorism

Organized violence aimed at government and civilian targets that is intended to create fear in furtherance of political aims

The United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea

A code of maritime law approved by the United Stations in 1982

trade agreement

A wide-ranging taxes, tariffs and trade treaty that often includes investment guarantees

transnational

Extending beyond national boundaries

uneven development

The unequal distribution of people resources, and wealth that is a fundamental characteristic of human geography

unitary state

A state governed constitutionally as a unit without internal divisions or a federalist delegation of powers

United Nations

An international organization that works to promote peace, security and cooperation

voting districts

A geographical area which is represented by a seat or numerous seats in a legislative body such as parliament or congress