4-1 -> 4-2: Biology

anabolic pathways

synthesizes compounds, uses energy

catabolic pathways

breaks down compounds, releases energy (creates energy)

ATP

energy currency

ATP composition

adenine (nitrogenous base), ribose (five sided sugars), three phosphate groups; it’s a nucleic acid

ATP cycle

ATP is broken into ADP

ADP

created when the third phosphate falls off, releases energy for the cell to use

ATP energy

renewable energy resource, unstable bond

food energy

long term energy storage, stable bonds

photosynthesis

plants take in carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight and create glucose (for use) and oxygen as a byproduct

cellular respiration

the release of chemical energy for use by cells; breaks down glucose into a usable form of energy (ATP)

aerobic

respiration with oxygen, all three steps of respiration

anaerobic

respiration without oxygen, glycolysis only

cell respiration equation

C₆H₁₂O₆   +   6O₂    →      6CO₂    + 6H₂O + Energy

mitochondria membrane

outer membrane is smooth, inner membrane is folded; these folds are called cristae, which increase surface area

steps in cellular respiration

1. glycolysis; yields 2 ATP

2. citric acid cycle; yields 2 ATP

3. electron transport chain; yields 34 ATP

electron carriers

carry electrons to the electron transport chain

NAD+ and FAD

function as electron carriers, uncharged batteries

NADH and FADH₂

charged batteries

glycolysis location

cytosol

glycolysis yield

2 ATP, 2 NADH

glycolysis input

• 1 Glucose (6C)

• 2 ATP

• 4 ADP + P_i

• 2 NAD+

glycolysis output

• 2 Pyruvates (3C)

• 2 ADP

• 4 ATP

• 2 NADH

citric acid cycle location

mitochondrial matrix

citric acid cycle yield

2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH₂

citric acid cycle input

• 2 Pyruvate

• 8 NAD+

• 2 ADP

• 2 FAD

citric acid cycle output

• 6 CO₂

• 8 NADH

• 2 ATP

• 2 FADH₂

etc location

mitochondria cristae

etc yield

34 ATP

etc reactants

• NADH or FADH₂

• ADP

• O₂

etc products

• NAD⁺ or FAD

• ATP

• H₂O

etc function

convert energy from NADH and FADH₂ into ATP

citric acid cycle function

 break down Pyruvates to CO2

glycolysis function

splitting glucose (6C) into 2 Pryuvic Acid (3C each)

metabolism

converting food into energy