PRAXIS: speech science

what is speech science?

the study of physiological and physical aspects of speech production and speech perception

what is phonetics?

study of speech sound production and perception. Studies articulation and the effects produced sounds have on the listener

What is acoustics?

study of the physical and aspects of speech production. Also studies sounds that are not directly related to speech.

What is speech perception?

The understanding of spoken speech/response to speech.

what is language?

a code or system of symbols used to express concepts. Production of this is speech.

what is language AND speech?

verbal behaviors shaped and maintained by social communication

What is phonology?

scientific study of the sound systems and patterns used to create sounds and words of a language

What are phonemes?

smallest unit of sound with meaning. (/m/ or /f/)

what are allophones?

slightly different pronunciations of phonemes that do not change the word meaning (pie vs. spy)

What does phonemic mean?

the abstract system of sounds. //s indicate that this sound is ___ represented.

What does phonetic mean?

concrete productions of sounds. use of [ ] indicates that specific sound productions of given speakers

What does phonetics mean?

study of speech sound in physical, physiological, and acoustic properties

What is acoustic phonetics?

study of the relationship between artic and the acoustic signals of speech and acoustic properties of soundwaves (ex. periodicity)

What is auditory phonetics?

study of hearing, perception, and brain’s processing of speech

what is articulatory/physiological phonetics?

study of speech sound production, emphasis on the articulators and how they produce sound

phonemic transcription

transcribing speech with IPA symbols and / /s to represent ideal phonemes

phonetic transcription

transcription with IPA but use [ ] for allophones to represent actual production of speakers

broad transcription

phonemic/phonetic transcription

Narrow transcription

details on how specific speakers make specific sounds (nasalized/palatalized/etc.) marked with diacritics.

consonants

speech sounds produced by articulatory movement and modification of airflow via interrupting, stopping, or creating a narrow opening through which it must pass.

rhyme

nucleus and coda

vowels

produced with an open vocal tract, no constriction, all voiced, velum always elevated.

syllabification

identifying number of syllables in a word

distinctive features ***

continuant, coronal, consonant, etc.

place - velars

produced when dorsum of tongue contacts the velum

g, k, and ng

place - palatals

produced when tongue is pressed against hard palate to produce constriction

j, r, sh, dg, zh, ch

place - alveolars

produced when tip of tongue makes contact with alveolar ridge

s, z, n, l, t, and d

place - linguadentals

tongue between teeth

thetas

place - bilabials

lips together

w, m, p, and b

place - labiodentals

teeth on lower lip

f and v

place - glottal

produced in glottis with opening of VF

h

cognate pairs

similar in every way expect voicing (ex. p and b)

manner - nasals

lowering of velum so sound can travel thru nose and mouth (sometimes just nose like in /m/)

m, n, and ng

manner - fricatives

turbulent airflow with narrow constriction and a closed velopharyngeal port

manner - affricates

stops + affricates

ch and dg

manner - stops

build up airflow then burst of it

b, p, d, t, k, and g

manner - glides

constricted to open stage

w and j

manner - liquids

least amount of constriction without being a vowel

r and l

vowels - high front vowels

/I/: lax, unrounded, tongue slightly lower than V

/i/: tense, unrounded, tongue high and forward

manner - mid front vowels

e: tense, unrounded, tongue lower and more retracted than I

3: lax, unrounded, tongue slightly lower than e

manner - low front vowel

ae: lax, unrounded, tongue position is lower an more retracted than 3

manner - central vowels

3~: tense, half rounded tongue blade bunched and elevated toward hard palate

e~: lax, half rounded, schwar, ^^^ but in unstressed syllables (lettER)

e (schwa): lax, unrounded, tongue blade is lower, in unstressed syllables (pizzA, Ahead, etc.)

^: lax, unrounded, ^^ but for stressed syllables (mOney, flOOd, etc.)

manner - high back vowels

u: tense and round, tongue is highest and most retracted

funny u: lax, rounded, tongue slightly lower and more forward than ^^

manner - mid back vowels

c but backwards: lax, round, produced a little lower than u

o: tense, round, tongue is slightly lower than u

manner - low back vowel

a: lax, unrounded, tongue is lowest and most retracted

Diphthongs

aɪ: what it says on the tin

aʊ: ow

ɔɪ: oi

eɪ: eyyyyy

ou: o

phonemic vs nonphonemic diphthongs

phonemic: changing the diphthong to a pure vowel changes the meaning

nonphonemic: you can totally do ^ I’m not a cop

coarticulation

the change a sound undergoes in connected speech (izebizi vs is he busy)

assimilation

sounds in a word influence one or the other

suprasegmentals

features of prosody like length, stress and rate