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Latin
language of the Romans
tribunes
plebeians elected to fight for the rights of ordinary citizens
Centuriate Assembly
assembly made up of citizen soldiers
legion
5000 heavily armed foot soldiers
imperator
title for victorious commanders and emperors
bread and circuses
Roman rulers appeased their citizens with bread handouts and violent shows in the Colosseum
Colosseum
amphitheater in Rome where gladiators fought and sporting events were held
Diaspora
Jewish migration across the world following failed rebellions
Edict of Milan
change in policy put into place by Constantine the Great that established tolerance for Christians
natural laws
philosophical law system based on right and wrong decisions and human nature over laws set in stone and judicial action
New Testament
second half of the Bible that presents history
concrete
building material
Hannibal
son of defeated general Hamilcar Barca
Julius Caesar
elected consul and promoted Pompey and Crassus' legislation
Cincinnatus
model dictator who helped lead Rome to victory and then returned to his farmland
Paul
persecuted missionary
Jupiter
king of the gods in Roman mythology
Mercury
god of shopkeepers
Minerva
goddess of wisdom
Etruscans
people from northern Italy who inhabited early Rome
consuls
two powerful officials in place of a king
Council of Plebs
assembly of the plebeians
Punic Wars
series of three wars between Rome and Carthage
Pax Romana
200 years of peace and prosperity across the Roman empire
mosaics
traditional Roman art
aqueducts
large stone channels that carried water from hilltops to cities
martyrs
people who die for their beliefs
barbarians
Greek word used by Romans to describe all people outside of the empire
paterfamilias
male head of a Roman family
parables
short stories about everyday life that taught a religious or moral lesson
rule of law
the principle that the law applies to everyone
Marius
Roman general who was elected consul numerous times
Mark Antony
worked with Octavian to punish Caesar's assassins
Virgil
classical Roman poet who wrote the Aenied
Constantine the Great
Roman emperor who adopted Christianity and stopped the persecution of Christians
Neptune
god of the sea; symbol is a trident (Greek equivalent: Poseidon)
Apollo
god of music
Vesta
goddess of the hearth
patricians
wealthy landowners
Senate
legislative branch of Roman government that consisted of 300 members
praetors
eight judges chosen by the Centuriate Assembly
that oversaw criminal and civil courts
latifundia
estate
gladiators
slaves or criminals that fought each other to the death in the Colosseum
Forum
open-air market that became the center of Roman religious
Gospels
four books of the New Testament that describe the teachings of Jesus (Matthew
epistles
letters written by Paul in the New Testament to early Christian churches
inflation
increase in prices
Pantheon
group of Roman gods that were adopted from Greek culture
Trinity
the belief that God
Crassus and Pompey
granted extraordinary powers by the Senate in time of crisis
Cleopatra
Egyptian pharaoh that had relationships with Mark Antony and Julius Caesar
Jesus Christ
man whose teachings are the basis of Christianity
Diocletian
Roman emperor who divided the empire into the eastern and western parts
Pluto
god of the underworld
Bacchus
god of wine
Ceres
goddess of the harvest
Venus
goddess of love
Mars
god of war and agriculture
Juno
goddess of women
plebeians
poor farmers and craftsmen
Twelve Tables
Roman code of laws written down on bronze tablets
dictator
a leader who rules with total power
triumvirate
a group of three leaders that shared control of the government.
Messiah
anointed one
Stoicism
enduring of pain or hardship without displaying feelings or complaining
Pompeii
city in the shadow of Mount Vesuvius that was destroyed in a violent eruption on August 24
pope
bishop of Rome
frescoes
painting made on a wall of wet plaster
apostles
closest followers of Jesus
Roman Catholic Church
Christian church that is headed by the pope
Spartacus
gladiator who led a slave revolt from 73 to 71 BC
Augustus Caesar
first emperor of Rome
Peter
first bishop of Rome
Attila the Hun
sole ruler of barbarian Huns that invaded Roman Empire