Unit 2.2 The Mongol Empire and the Modern World
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110 Terms
Who were the Mongols in the 12th century?
In the 12th century the Mongols were a group of pastoral nomads they herded, hunted, and foraged. They lived North of the Gobi desert in East Asia.
What shaped Mongol culture?
Life on the Asian Steppes and its difficulty.
What did the Mongols expect everyone to be?
The Mongols expected everyone, male and female, to become skilled horse riders. They highly valued courage in hunting and warfare.
What is Genghis Khan also known as?
Temujin.
Genghis Khan/Temujin considered what to be the best way to run his growing kingdom.
Genghis Khan/Temujin considered personal loyalty to be the best way to run his growing kingdom.
At what meeting was Temujin appointed the Khan of the Mongolian Kingdom?
At the meeting of Kuriltia.
How did Genghis Khan/Temujin earn his reputation during the Jin Dynasty campaign?
Anyone who resisted Genghis/Temujin was brutally killed in retribution and sometimes the Mongols wiped out the civilian population of entire towns after defeating their armies.
What were the effects of stories of Genghis Khan/Temujin’s brutality spreading before his campaigns.
It induced some rulers to surrender before an attack.
What contributed to the Mongols success in warfare?
Mongolian soldiers were strong riders and proficient with the short bow. They were also highly disciplined and Temujin developed and efficient command structure: messenger force, and scouts.
What did the Mongols military strategies extend to?
The Mongols military strategies extend to Surprise and craft. An example of this is feigned defeat. They were doing guerilla warfare in foreign territory.
What did Genghis Khan/Temujin do when coming upon an enemy settlement?
When coming upon an enemy settlement Genghis Khan sent a small group of messengers ahead to ask for surrender if the enemy refused he killed all the aristocrats.
What did the Mongols do to the weapons and technology of the peoples they conquered?
The Mongols quickly incorporated the weapons and technology of the people they conquered to their military
What did the Mongols learn more about with each conquest?
With each conquest the Mongols learned more about siege warfare and terrain.
What is the period of Eurasian history between the 13th and 14th centuries known as?
The period of Eurasian history between the 13th and 14th centuries is often called Pax Mongolica or Mongolian peace.
Where did Genghis Khan/Temujin establish the capital of the Mongolian empire?
Genghis Khan/Temujin established the capital of the Mongolian empire at Karakorum.
Who did Genghis Khan/Temujin consult with when constucting the city and establishing his government?
Genghis Khan consulted with scholars and engineers of Chinese and Islamic traditions when constucting Karakorum and establishing his government.
Who instituted a policy of religious tolerance throughout the Mongolian Empire?
Genghis Khan/Temujin instituted a policy of religious tolerance throughout the Mongolian empire.
Who took charge of protecting the Silk roads, making them safe for trade and ushering in the third golden age of the Silk Roads?
Genghis Khan/Temujin’s soldier took charge of protecting the Silk Roads this made the roads safe for trade which ushered in the third golden age of the Silk Roads.
What is an example of a Mongol effort to establish one system throughout the empire?
The Uyghur alphabet is one example of Mongol effort to establish one system throughout the empire. Though it failed, the Uyghur alphabet is still used in Mongolia today.
What is the Uyghur alphabet?
The Uyghur alphabet is a mixure of many alphabets.
Who were Genghis Khan/Temujin’s 3 grandsons that established their own khanates, further expanding the Mongol empire into Asia and Europe?
What was their khanates name?
Batu, Helegu, and Kublai Khan established their own Kanates this expanded the Mongol empire further into Asia and Europe. Batu’s khanate was the Golden Horde/Kipchat Khanate, Helegu’s khanate was the il Khanate, Kublai Khan’s khanate was the Yuan Dynasty.
Who led an army of 100,000 into Russia in 1236.
In 1236 Batu led an army of 100,000 into Russia which at the time was a loose network of city-states and principalities.
What did Batu’s army came to be known as?
Batu’s army was known as the Golden Horde.
How did the Golden Horde increase their wealth?
The Golden Horde marched westward conquering the small Russian kingdoms and forced them to pay tribute.
What group looted and destroyed Kiev in 1240?
In 1240 the Golden Horde looted and destroyed Kiev.
In 1241 Batu led the Golden Horde into a successful military encounter with who?
In 1241 Batu led the Golden Horde into a sucessful military encounter with German, Polish, and French knights under the leadership of King Henry of Silesia.
Who did Batu defeat soon after his encounter with the German, Polish, and French knights under the leadership of King Henty of Silesia?
Batu defeated a force of Hungarian knights soon after his encounter with Polish, German, and French knights under the leadership of King Henry of Silesia.
What stopped Batu from invading Italy and Austria?
Batu didn’t invade Italy and Austria because back in Karakorum, Ogodei Khan, the great Khan’s successor died and Batu returned home to attend the funeral and to see issues about succession.
How did the Golden Horde rule Russia, Why did they rule Russia that way, and how did this lead to their downfall in the region?
The Mongols ruled Northern Russia by working through existing Russian rulers, who sent regular tributes. The Mongol chose this form of indirect rule because they did not want to live in the forest. Rulers of the city-state Moscow began collecting additional tribute which they set aside to develop an army to resist the Mongols, and began building an anti-Mongol coalition among the Russian city-states. In 1380 at the Battle of Kulikovo this coalition under the leadership of Moscow rose against and defeated the Golden Horde.
By mid-16th century Russia had defeated all the descendents of Khans except the?
When were the ___________ defeated?
By mid-16th century Russia had defeated all the descendents of Khan except the Crimean Tartars who weren’t defeated until the late 18th century.
Name 3 long lasting impacts the Golden Horde/Kipchat Khanate had on Russia?
The invasions prompted Russian princes to improve their military organization and to accepted the value of more centralized leadership in the region. In addition 3 centures of Mongol rule severed Russia’s ties with much of Western Europe, and as a result Russia developed a more distinctly Russian culture than it had before.
Who in 1258 led the Mongols into the Abbasid territories, destroyed the city of Bagdad and killed the caliph along with the residents?
In 1258 Hulegu led the Mongols into the Abbasid territories where they destroyed the city of bagdad and killed the caliph along with the residents.
What was Hulegu’s il khanate defeated by in 1260.
In 1260 Hulegu’s il khanate was defeated by a temporary alliance between the Muslim Mamluks under their military leader Baibars, and Christian Crusaders in Palestine.
How far did Hulegu’s il khanate spread?
Hulegu’s il khanate in Central Asia, stretched from Byzantium tothe Oxus River.
What were the roles of the persians in the politics of the il khanate.
The Mongols ruled the il khanate, but the Persians served as ministers and provincial and local officials.