combined chapter main topics Human Development

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalytic theory; early childhood experiences and unconscious conflicts influence development.

Erik Erikson

Psychosocial theory; development happens through social/emotional conflicts across life.

John Watson

Behaviorism; behavior is learned from the environment.

Ivan Pavlov

Classical conditioning; learned through association.

B.F. Skinner

Operant conditioning; behavior changes because of consequences.

Albert Bandura

Social learning theory; people learn by observing and imitating others.

Jean Piaget

Cognitive development; children actively build their understanding of the world.

Lev Vygotsky

Cognitive development is strongly influenced by social interaction and culture.

Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of needs; basic needs generally need to be met before higher-level needs.

Pavlov's Dogs

Pavlov repeatedly paired food with a bell. Eventually, the dogs salivated when they heard the bell even without food. - classical conditioning

Skinner Box

Animals learned to perform behaviors, such as pressing a lever, because those behaviors produced consequences such as food. - operant conditioning

Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment

What happened? Children watched adults behave aggressively toward a Bobo doll. Children who observed the aggressive behavior were more likely to imitate it. - social learning observational learning

Piaget's Object Permanence Test

What was tested? Whether babies understand that an object still exists when they cannot see it.

Piaget's Object Permanence Example

Example: A toy is hidden under a blanket.

Piaget's Conservation Tasks

Whether children understand that the amount of something stays the same even when its appearance changes.

Piaget's Conservation Tasks Example

Example: The same amount of water is poured into a tall, skinny glass and a short, wide glass.

Harlow's Monkey Studies

What did he study? Attachment in infant monkeys.

Harlow's Monkey Studies Findings

What did he find? Infant monkeys preferred a soft cloth surrogate over a wire surrogate, even when the wire one provided food.

Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation

What is it? A structured procedure used to study attachment by observing how babies respond when their caregiver leaves and returns.

Ainsworth's Attachment Styles

Secure attachment: Child is upset when caregiver leaves but is comforted when they return.

Still-Face Experiment

What happens? A parent interacts normally with the baby, then suddenly stops responding and keeps a blank expression.

Mirror Test / Rouge Test

What happens? A mark is secretly placed on the child's face, and the child is placed in front of a mirror.

Erikson — Trust vs. Mistrust

Main question: 'Can I trust the people taking care of me?' Consistent, responsive care → trust.

Erikson — Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Main question: 'Can I do things myself?' Children begin wanting independence and control.

The 3 Prenatal Periods

1. Germinal: Conception → 2 weeks; 2. Embryonic: 2 → 8 weeks.

Embryonic Stage

2 → 8 weeks; Major organs and body structures begin developing.

Fetal Stage

9 weeks → birth; Growth and maturation of organs and body systems.

Germinal Stage

Shortest stage in development.

Sensorimotor Substage 1

Reflexive schemes; Birth-1 month; Reflexes.

Sensorimotor Substage 2

Primary circular reactions; 1-4 months; Repeats actions involving own body.

Sensorimotor Substage 3

Secondary circular reactions; 4-8 months; Repeats actions that affect the outside world.

Sensorimotor Substage 4

Coordination of secondary schemes; 8-12 months; Combines actions to reach a goal.

Sensorimotor Substage 5

Tertiary circular reactions; 12-18 months; Experiments with different actions.

Sensorimotor Substage 6

Mental representation; 18-24 months; Can think about things mentally.

Primary Circular Reaction

Baby repeats an action involving their own body.

Secondary Circular Reaction

Baby repeats an action because it creates an interesting effect in the outside world.

Tertiary Circular Reaction

Baby experiments with different ways of doing something.

Sensory System Development

Touch, taste, smell, and hearing are developed at birth; vision is least mature.

Crying

First major form of communication; occurs at birth.

Cooing

Sounds like 'oooo' and 'aaaa'; occurs around 2 months.

Babbling

Repeated sounds like 'ba-ba-ba' or 'da-da-da'; occurs around 4-6 months.

Gestures

Includes pointing, waving, reaching; occurs around 8-12 months.

First Word

A meaningful word used consistently; occurs around 12 months.

Holophrase

One word communicates an entire idea; occurs around 12-18 months.

Naming Explosion

Rapid increase in vocabulary, usually beginning around 18 months.

Two-Word Combinations

Example: 'More juice'; occurs around 18-24 months.

Three-Word Sentences

Example: 'Mommy get ball'; occurs around 2-3 years.

Communication

The exchange of information between people.

Language

A structured system of symbols and rules used to communicate.

Grammar

Rules for putting words together.

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

Chomsky's proposed idea that humans have an inborn ability that helps them acquire language.

Executive Function

The overall set of mental skills used to control thoughts and behavior.

Central Executive

The part of working memory that manages and directs attention and information.

Down Syndrome

Caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)

Developmental problems caused by prenatal alcohol exposure.

Low Birthweight (LBW)

Less than 2,500 grams at birth.

Very Low Birthweight (VLBW)

Less than 1,500 grams.

Extremely Low Birthweight (ELBW)

Less than 1,000 grams.

Preterm

Born before 37 weeks.

Stunting

Poor growth resulting in unusually short height for age.

Wasting

Low weight compared with height, usually reflecting inadequate nutrition or illness.