BIOCHEMISTRY (Foundations of Biochemistry)

Biochemistry

study of structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances in living systems

Multidisciplinary

use concepts or tools from others or different fields to create something

Interdisciplinary

join hand in hand with other fields to create something

Bioorganic Substances

substances that contain carbon

Bioinorganic Substances

substances that do not contain carbon

Three Basic Needs of Cell

Materials
Energy
Information

Inorganic precursors

water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, nitrate, and dinitrogen

Metabolites

simple organic compounds

Building blocks

amino acids, monosaccharides (simple sugar), fatty acids, glycerol, and nucleotides

Macromolecules

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

Supramolecular complexes

macromolecules come together to form specific assemblies that serve important subcellular functions

Organelles

entities inside a cell

Cell

basic unit of life

Carbohydrates

built from monosaccharides; main source of energy

Glycosidic bonds (forming polysaccharides)

Unbranched or branched polymers of monosaccharides are connected via?

Lipids

built from fatty acids or glycerol; energy storage; important component of cell membrane; gives palability to food

Proteins

built from amino acids; catalysis and transport; can also be source of energy

Peptide bonds (forming polypeptides)

Unbranched polymers of amino acids are connected via?

Nuclei Acids

built from nucleotides; synthesis of proteins; heredity

Phosphodiester bonds (forming polynucleotides)

Unbranched nucleotides are connected via?

Plasma Membrane

lipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded

Mitochondrion/Mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell; site for ATP synthesis

Secretory Vesicles

transport substances to and from one cell to another

Nucleus

control center of cell'; transmitting genetic information; provide instructions for protein synthesis

Nucleolus

site where ribosomes are produced

Centrosome

where microtubules are produced

Centrioles

present in animal cells; organize a microtubule network during mitosis to form the spindle and asters; occurs in pairs

Nuclear Envelope

double membrane between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Nuclear Pore

regulates passage into and out of the nucleus

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis; free or attached to ER

Smooth ER

site of lipid, steroid (cholesterol) synthesis, lipid metabolism and drug detoxification

Rough ER

studded with ribosomes; site for protein synthesis

Golgi Apparatus

collects, packages, and distributes molecules manufactured in the cell

Peroxisome

detoxify a number of toxic substances; breaks down hydrogen peroxide

Lysosomes

sites for intracellular digestion

Vacuole

smaller in animal cells; for intracellular digestion and release of cellular wastes

Cell Wall

present in plant cells; rigid made up of polysaccharides; maintain cell shape; protective barrier

Chloroplasts

contains chlorophyll; found in higher plant cells

Stroma

has thylakoids

Thylakoids

has stacks called “grana” or “granum”

Cytoskeleton

maintain cell shape; for motility

Microtubules

tube of protein molecules

Intermediate filament

provide support and strength

Actin filament

for cell movement

Ionic Bond

non-metal to metal

Covalent Bond

non-metal to non-metal

Metallic Bond

any metals

Valence electrons

electrons being shared are called?

Common Elements that can be found in bonding

Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Sulfur
Hydrogen
Halogens: Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine
Additional:Phosphorus

Total bonds of elements

Carbon- 4
Nitrogen- 3
Sulfur and Oxygen- 2
Hydrogen and Halogens- 1

Hydrocarbons

are polar bonds and inert; consists of hydrogen and carbon

Heteroatoms

atoms other than C and H (N, S, O, and Halogens)

Mutiple Bonds

bonds that are triple or double are called?

Alcohol

if OH is present, this is what?

Hydroxyl

functional group of alcohol

Ether

if O is in between or being sandwiched by C

Ketone

O is double bonded to C in the middle

Aldehyde

O is double bonded at first or last C; or if C is followed or ends with H

Carbonyl

functional group for ketone and aldehyde is called?

Carboxylic Acid

if two O are bonded or sharing the same C

Carboxyl

functional group of carboxylic acid is called?

Ester

O is double bonded to C and has another single bonded O to same C

Amine

nitrogen with two hydrogens

Amide

O is double bonded to C and also has nitrogen

Amino/Amido

functional group of amine and amide is called?

Thiol

similar to alcohol but instead of presence of O it is S

Sulfhydryl

functional group of thiol is called?

Phosphate

P surrounded by O’s

Halide

a halogen is attached to C

Alkyl Halide

halogen is directly attached to C

Acyl Halide

halogen is attached to a carbonyl

Alkane

single bond

Alkene

double bonds

Alkyne

triple bonds